A & p 2 –Unit 6 Review/Practice Test Mary StanglerCenter for Academic

1. 
   Produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
   

1. 
   Hormones
   

1. 
   Endocrine glands
   
2. 
   The Endocrine system
   
3. 
   Target cells
   

2. 
   Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands, and transported by the bloodstream are
   

1. 
   Hormones
   

4. 
   Endocrine glands
   
5. 
   Endocrine system
   
6. 
   Target cells
   

3. 
   When a hormone is released it will have its effect at…
   

1. 
   The synaptic cleft
   

7. 
   Only a neighboring cell
   
8. 
   The neuromuscular junction
   
9. 
   A target cell
   

4. 
   All the cells, tissues, and glands that secrete hormones are called
   

1. 
   Hormones
   
2. 
   Endocrine glands
   
3. 
   the Endocrine system
   
4. 
   Target cells
   

1. 
   Receives signals that change has occurred or is occurring in the body.
   
2. 
   Uses both electrical and chemical signals
   
3. 
   Only uses chemical signals
   
4. 
   Responds fast and also stops responding very quickly
   
5. 
   Responds slowly and also stops responding slowly, with effects that can conceivably continue for days or weeks
   
6. 
   Uses both negative and positive feedback
   
7. 
   Has a widespread area of effect, which can affect many organs
   
8. 
   Effect is localized usually only affecting one organ
   
9. 
   Works to bring the body back to homeostasis
   

1. 
   What is the term for a small amount of hormone, causing a large effect on target cells by using a reaction cascade?
   

1. 
   Down-regulation
   

10. 
    Hormone amplification
    
11. 
    Up-regulation
    
12. 
    Antagonistic effect
    

2. 
   What is it called when hormone levels in the bloodstream can cause the target cells to decrease their number of receptors?
   

1. 
   Down-regulation
   

13. 
    Hormone amplification
    
14. 
    Up-regulation
    
15. 
    Antagonistic effect
    

3. 
   What is the term for one hormone having the opposite effect on another hormone?
   

1. 
   Down-regulation
   

16. 
    Hormone amplification
    
17. 
    Synergistic effect
    
18. 
    Antagonistic effect
    

4. 
   What is it called when low hormonal levels in the bloodstream cause target cells to increase their number of receptors?
   

1. 
   Down-regulation
   

19. 
    Hormone amplification
    
20. 
    Up-regulation
    
21. 
    Antagonistic effect
    

5. 
   What is it called when multiple hormones act together to produce a desired product?
   

1. 
   Permissive effect
   

22. 
    Hormone amplification
    
23. 
    Synergistic effect
    
24. 
    Antagonistic effect
    

6. 
   What is it called when the first hormone enhances a target cell’s response to a second hormone?
   

1. 
   Permissive effect
   

25. 
    Hormone amplification
    
26. 
    Synergistic effect
    
27. 
    Antagonistic effect
    

2. This gland is a spongy organ which is located retroperitoneal and inferior/posterior to the stomach.

3. This gland’s hormones include estrogen, progesterone, inhibin

4. This gland is the outer 80-90% of the adrenal gland.

5. This gland controls the hormones responsible for “fight or flight” in response to fear, pain, or other stresses.

6. This gland’s hormone increases blood calcium levels, and decreases bone calcium level

by stimulating osteoclasts

7. This gland produces and secretes 3 classes of corticosteroids; mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol, hydrocortisone, corticosterone), and sex steroids (estrogen, testosterone)

8. These are 4 small glands embedded in the posterior side of the thyroid gland.

9. This gland is stimulated by ACTH from the anterior pituitary

10. This gland contains the Islets of Langerhans, which are cell clusters (1-2 million) that produce hormones.

11. This gland is inferior and lateral to the larynx

12. This gland’s hormones include testosterone and inhibin

13. This gland’s hormones increases metabolism, heart rate, and respiration rate.

14. This gland secretes Calcitonin, which decreases calcium levels in the blood, and increases calcium uptake from the bones by stimulating osteoblasts.

15. This gland secretes thymosin, which stimulates the development of lymphatic organs and the development of T-cells (WBCs important in immune defense)

16. This gland secretes melatonin at night, and helps regulate circadian rhythms.

17. This gland doesn’t produce hormones, it stores and releases two hypothalamic produced hormones OXT and ADH

18. This gland is the funnel shaped “master-switch” of the endocrine system

19. This gland secretes “stimulating” hormones like ACTH, FSH/LH, GH, TSH, PRL.

20. This gland is larger in infants and children, and is smaller in adults.

21. This gland secretes “releasing” hormones like CRH, GnRh, GHIH, TRH, PIH

22. This gland has a direct pipeline for hormones from the Hypothalamus called the Hypophyseal Portal System

Essay Question: Use TRH and TSH to describe how the endocrine system uses negative feedback to maintain homeostasis.

Multiple Choice:

1. 
   This disorder is caused by the hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary before bone growth plates close.
   

B. Pituitary Dwarfism

C. Acromegaly

Gigantism

2. 
   This disorder is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies mimic TSH.
   

B. Pituitary Dwarfism

C. Acromegaly

1. 
   Gigantism
   
   
   

3. 
   This disorder is caused by the hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary after the growth plates have closed, and continues throughout life.
   

B. Pituitary Dwarfism

C. Acromegaly

D. Gigantism

4. This disorder is caused by the hyposecretion of Growth Hormone (GH) from the Anterior Pituitary.

A. Graves Disease

B. Pituitary Dwarfism

C. Acromegaly

D. Gigantism

5. This disorder is caused by the hyposecretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary.

A. Type I Diabetes Mellitus

B. Type II Diabetes Mellitus

C. Diabetes Insipidus

1. 
   Hypothyroidism
   
   
   

A. Type I Diabetes Mellitus

B. Type II Diabetes Mellitus

C. Diabetes Insipidus

D. Hypothyroidism

7. This disorder is caused by the pancreas failing to produce sufficient amount of insulin.

A. Type I Diabetes Mellitus

B. Type II Diabetes Mellitus

C. Diabetes Insipidus

D. Hypothyroidism

8. In this disorder functional insulin is produced by the pancreas, but the body cells don’t respond to it.

A. Type I Diabetes Mellitus

B. Type II Diabetes Mellitus

C. Diabetes Insipidus

D. Hypothyroidism
Fill in the blank

1. 
   The disorder that is caused by the hypersecretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary which then causes the hypersecretion of glucocorticoids/cortisol by the adrenal cortex is called _ _____________.
   
2. 
   The disorder that is an enlargement of the thyroid gland due to dietary iodine deficiency is called _ __________.
   
3. 
   The disorder that is caused by the hyposecretion of the steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex, and causes electrolyte imbalances, hypotension, severe dehydration, hypoglycemia and weakness, weight loss, decreased stress resistance, and hyperpigmentation of skin and mucosal membranes is called _ ______________.
   

1. 
   The circulatory vessels that return lymph back into the blood stream is/are called the
   

B. Thoracic ducts

1. 
   Subclavian veins
   

28. 
    Terminal lymphatics
    
    
    

1. 
   The endothelium lining of a lymphatic capillary is called the
   

B. Tunica Media

C. Tunica Externa

D. Tunica Interna

11. 
    Lymphatic capillaries of the small intestines that absorb dietary lipids are called
    

B. Lacteals

C. Peyer’s patches

1. 
   MALT
   
   
   

2. 
   The smooth muscle layer of a lymphatic vessel is called the
   

B. Tunica Externa

C. Tunica Interna

D. Lacteals

12. 
    The connective tissue layer of a lymphatic vessel is called the
    

B. Tunica Externa

C. Tunica Interna

D. Lacteals

3. 
   The immune system protects the body from:
   

B. Viruses

C. Cancerous cells

D. All the above

1. 
   These/this receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, and thorax, left arm, and entire lower body below the diaphragm.
   
2. 
   These/this receives lymph from the major portions of the body including jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal, intercostal, intestinal and lumbar.
   
3. 
   These/this go through the lymph nodes
   
4. 
   These/this empties into the left subclavian vein
   
5. 
   These/this collects lymph from between cells
   
6. 
   These/this drains into the right subclavian vein
   
7. 
   These/this begins as a large sac in the abdomen called the cisterna chili
   

1. 
   The lymphatic organ(s) where B cells and T cells are born, and where B cells become immunocompetent
   

B. Tonsils

C. Red bone marrow

D. All of the above

2. 
   The lymphatic organ(s) that house populations of immunocompetent cells
   

B Tonsils

C. Spleen

D. All of the above

3. 
   The lymphatic organ(s) where T cells become immunocompetent
   

B. Tonsils

C. Thymus

D. All of the above

4. 
   Lymphatic tissue that has lymphocytes scattered rather than clustered in mucous membranes are called
   

B. MALT

D. Peyer’s patches

5. 
   Lymphatic tissues that have dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages in the form of nodules in the ileum, tonsils and appendix are
   

1. 
   GALT
   
2. 
   MALT
   
3. 
   BALT
   
4. 
   Peyer’s patches
   
   
   

1. 
   Monitors lymph from the urinary track and reproductive system
   
2. 
   Monitors lymph from the lower leg below the knee
   
3. 
   Monitors lymph from the head and neck.
   
4. 
   Monitors lymph from the mediastinum and lungs
   
5. 
   Monitors lymph from the upper limb and breast
   
6. 
   Monitors lymph from the digestive tract
   
7. 
   Monitors lymph from entire lower limb
   

1. 
   The ________ tonsil is a single tonsil on the wall or the nasopharnyx.
   
2. 
   The ____________ tonsil is a pair of tonsils at the back of the oral cavity.
   
3. 
   The ____________ tonsil is a pair of tonsils at the base of the tongue.
   
4. 
   The _____________ tonsil is most often infected.
   
5. 
   The largest lymphatic organ is the ____________.
   
6. 
   The lymphatic system disorder that causes swelling due to accumulation of lymph in tissue especially in the legs, scrotum of men and breasts of women is called ________.
   

4. 
   Skin does not support microbial growth because it contains
   

B. Defensins

C. Acid Mantle

D. All of the above

5. 
   The viscous, sticky, gel-like barrier of the subepithelial areolar tissue is called
   

B. Mucus

D. Hyaluronic acid

1. 
   Fever-producing chemicals which are released by macrophages and neutrophils are called _ ___________.
   
2. 
   Fever reducing medications are called ______________.
   
3. 
   Inflammatory chemicals released by damaged tissue cells, mast cells, and basophils are called _____________.
   
4. 
   The 4 cardinal signs of inflammation are _______.
   
5. 
   Proteins secreted by virus-infected cells that alert neighboring cell to invasion are called _________.
   
6. 
   The 2 leukocytes involved in immune surveillance are _______ and _______.
   

1. 
   Which leukocytes increases in numbers with a bacterial infection?
   
2. 
   Which leukocytes do not directly attack pathogens, but instead release cytokines to attract other leukocytes?
   
3. 
   Which leukocytes wander through tissues destroying bacteria, and are part of immune surveillance?
   
4. 
   Which leukocytes are born and mature in bone marrow?
   
5. 
   Which leukocytes increase in numbers with allergens and parasitic infections?
   
6. 
   Which leukocytes produce antibodies that can be used for memory against specific pathogens?
   
7. 
   Which leukocytes are born in the bone marrow, but mature in the thymus?
   
8. 
   Which leukocytes increase in number with viral infections, and become macrophages when they exit capillaries and enter connective tissue?
   
9. 
   Which leukocytes wander through connective tissue phagocytizing pathogens and presenting them on their cell surface?
   

1. 
   The production of WBCs in the bone marrow is called ________.
   
2. 
   Granulocytes include ______________________.
   
3. 
   Agranulocytes include ______________.
   
4. 
   In cellular immunity __________ promote T cytotoxic cells and B cell activity, as well as nonspecific defense.
   
5. 
   In cellular immunity ___________ cells limit the action of other cells once an infection has been defeated to control immune system response.
   
6. 
   In cellular immunity ______________ cells attack foreign cells and chemicals.
   
7. 
   In cellular immunity _________ cells are responsible for memory.
   
8. 
   Antigen presenting cells include ____________ and _________.
   
9. 
   In cellular immunity _____________ wander in tissues inspecting antigens on antigen presenting cells.
   

1. 
   The type of immunity that is caused when a fetus gets antibodies through the placenta and infants get antibodies from breast milk is called
   

B. Natural passive

C. Artificial active

D. Natural active

2. 
   What type of immunity is produced after someone gets an infection and produces their own antibodies?
   

B. Natural passive

C. Artificial active

D. Natural active

3. 
   What type of immunity is developed when someone is injected with antibodies to protect against tetanus or botulism?
   

B. Natural passive

C. Artificial active

D. Natural active

4. 
   What type of immunity is caused when someone receives a vaccination which causes them to produce their own antibodies?
   

B. Natural passive

C. Artificial active

D. Natural active