Part of speech

1. 
   THE NOUN
   

The noun is the name of a person, place, thing, quality, state, or action as : Amjad, pencil, honesty, school, happiness.

2. 
   PRONOUN
   

A pronoun is a word used in place of a Noun. When a noun is used in a long sentence. It may have to be used again. To avoid repetition, a pronoun is used in its place; for example : “Amjad is a nice boy and he is a member of the college cricket team but he is not regular in his studies.”

Pronouns are divided into many different kinds. The most important, however, are these: Personal Pronouns, Possessive Pronoun, Relative Pronouns, Interrogative Pronouns, Distributive Pronouns.
Personal Pronouns express the three persons: the first persons (singular and plural), the second person, the third persons (singular and plural). Example: I, me, we, us, you he, him, they, them, she, her, and it are all Personal Pronouns.

Possessive Pronouns show possession of a thing, for example: “This book is mine”, or “Is this yours?” or “It is their Land,”

Relative Pronouns serves two purposes. It is used in place of a noun which has been used earlier in the sentence, and it also joins two clauses. The Relative Pronouns are: Who, Which, What, That and as.

Interrogative Pronouns are those which ask a question such as: Who, Which, What, for example: “What do you have in your pocket?” OR “Who committed this crime?”

Distributive Pronouns are those which point out a number of individuals or things collectively but they are considered individually, for example: “Each of the students came here”, OR “Is Anybody home,” OR “Everybody was taken to play hockey.”
3. ADJECTIVE
An Adjective is a word used to qualify Noun. There are six kind of Adjectives: Demonstrative, Descriptive, Interrogative, Possessive, Distributive, Quantitative.

Demonstrative Adjectives are those which specify a Noun, for example: “This year has been a cold one.”

Descriptive adjectives are those which describe a Noun, for example: “This is a round table,”

Interrogative Adjectives put a question: “Which of these hats is yours?” Possessive Adjectives: “His son is studying at a college,”

Distributive Adjectives: “Every seat has already been taken in this cinema hall,”

Quantitative Adjectives: “Twelve rupees is too much for this tie,”
4. VERBS
The verb is a word used to show Action. Most words denote Action: “He ate his dinner”, OR “I ran fast,” OR “The sun rises at seven.” However, there are many Verbs which show a state of being; for example : “She is happy,” OR “They seem angry,” Such verbs too are taken as action verbs.
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Verbs are of two kinds: Transitive and Intransitive. A Transitive Verb is that which is followed by an Object, for example: “He caught the bird.” And “The enemy attacked the islands.” An Intransitive Verb is that which does not need an Object; for example: “He laughed loudly”, and “the engine runs well.” Some words, however, may be used both transitively as well as intransitively. For example;

His duties begin soon (Intransitive).

He begins work soon (Transitive).

Verbs are often used in compound forms; for example: I have written, I am writing, they should come here. Have, has, had, is, was, were, am are, can, could, shall, will, should, would, may, might, be, being are called Auxiliary Verbs. An Auxiliary Verb is considered as part of the regular verb.


5. ADVERB
An Adverb is a word used to qualify a Verb an Adjective or another Adverb. Many adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding “---ly”; for example: happily, quickly, extremely the following are examples of other kinds of ADVERBS:

1. 
   He works hard ((hard qualifies works).
   

2. 
   it is a very good job (very qualifies the adjective good).
   

3. 
   He works extremely well (extremely qualifies the adverb well).
   

When the two parts of a sentence are grammatically complete, the conjunction joining them is called a Coordinating Conjunction. When one part of a sentence is incomplete, the conjunction joining the two parts is called a Sub-coordinating Conjunction; for example; “I could not come yesterday because of rain.”

Interjections have no special relation with other parts of speech. Interjections usually take the mark of exclamation after them.

1. 
   Before accepting their jobs some of the applicants visited the factory offices.
   

2. 
   Enough housing is the main purpose of this plan.
   

3. 
   I was unable to attend to my duties because. I received guests whom I had to meet and see off at the airport.
   

4. 
   I am staying here till Friday.
   

5. 
   Can you run fast?
   

6. 
   His uncle gave him an inkpot.
   

7. 
   Coming from the airport, he slipped and fell down.
   

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1. 
   COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS.
   

An Abstract Noun is the name of a quality, action or state. It cannot be felt by any of our five senses. Examples of Abstract noun: Honesty, Weakness, Poverty, Courtesy. A CONCRETE NOUN is quite opposite to an abstract noun. Any noun which is not an abstract noun or any noun which can be felt by any of our five senses is a CONCRETE NOUN: Examples: Pencil, House, Table, Road, Face, Glasses and Shirts. If you understand what is a Concrete Noun. you will also understand and easily recognize an Abstract Noun.

2. 
   COLLECTIVE NOUN.
   

The collective noun can be singular or plural. It depends on the purpose it serves in the sentence. Examine the following examples in which the name word (committee) is used as a singular noun in the first sentence and as a plural noun in the second sentence:

1. 
   The committee was unanimous (that is, the committee acted as a single unit).
   

2. 
   The committee were arguing among themselves. (that is , the committee were acting as individuals. Not as one unit)
   

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“Number” is the form of a noun that shows whether it is singular or plural. Benerally the plural of nouns is formed by adding –s to singular nouns. As: books, lands, pencils, friends. Other rules of making plurals are these:

(1) Singular nouns ending in –s, -x, -z,-sh, or-eh form the plural by adding –es: misses, faxes, waves, mazes, blazes, dishes, wishes, churches.

NOTE. –s is added when the plural has the same syllables as the singular: -es is added when the plural has one more syllable than the singular. Thus the singular book and the plural books have only one syllable each. But singular miss has one syllable and plural misses has two: therefore, -es is to be added to form the plural.

(2) Singular nouns ending in –y, preceded by a consonant, form the plural by changing the –y to –I and adding –es, as: fly, flies; variety, varieties.

(3) Singular nouns ending in –o preceded by a consonant form the plural by adding –es, as: hero, heroes; Negro, Negroes; Potato, Potatoes. But there are exceptions also, as: Piano, Pianos; halo, halos.

4. 
   Singular nouns ending in –f or -fe form the plural by changing f to v and adding -es. Examples: thief, thieves; calf, calves; self, selves; wife, wives; knife, knives. (But there are exceptions to this rule: grief, griefs; safe, safes; strife, strifes; turf, turfs)
   

5. 
   SEVEN nouns form their plural by changing a vowel. Examples: Man, Men; Woman, Women; Tooth, Teeth; Foot, Feet; Mouse, Mice; Goose, Geese; Louse, Lice.
   

6. 
   THREE nouns form their plurals by adding –en: Ox, oxen; brother, brothern; child, children.
   

7. 
   Compound nouns form their plural by adding –s to the most important words of the compound, for example, mother-in-law, mothers-in-law; court-martial, courts-martial; good-bye, good-byes.
   

8. 
   Foreign words form their plurals according to their own rules. Examples: (Latin Words): addendum, addenda; datum, data; erratum, errata; alumnus, alumni. (Greek): analysis, analyses; basis, bases; crisis, crises; thesis, theses; phenomenon, phenomens; (French): Monsieur, Messleurs.
   

9. 
   Foreign nouns commonly used in English Generally have two plurals. Examples: apparatus, apparatuses, apparatus; formula, formulae, formulas; aquarium, aquariums, aquaria; gymnasium, gymnasiums, gymnasia.
   

10. 
    Some nouns have two plural forms each form with its own different meaning. For example; the singular noun index has two plural: Indexes and Indices: (i) Books have indexes; and (ii) Numbers have indices. Similarly genius has two plurals; geniuses and genie; (i) Geniuses are highly intelligent people; and (ii) Genie can act as guardians or spirits.
    

11. 
    Some nouns are used only in plural as: aims, economics, athletics, forceps and news.
    

Four genders are well known:

1. 
   Masculine – male sex
   

2. 
   Feminine – female sex
   

3. 
   Common – either sex
   

4. 
   Neuter – neither sex
   

There are three different ways of making genders:

1. 
   By use of different words:
   

Father Mother Gentleman Lady

Brother Sister Bachelor Spinster

Uncle Aunt Horse Mare

Nephew Niece Cock Hen

Sir Madam Bull Cow

Drake Duck Dog Bitch

2. 
   By adding “ess”, or by changing “or” and “er” into “ress”;
   

Prince Princess Tiger Tigress

Actor Actress Negro Negress

Host Hostess Lad Lass

Master Mistress Lion Lioness

3. 
   By Prefixing a word denoting the sex, as:
   

Man-servant Maid-servant Grand father Grand mother

He-goat She-goat Land Lord Land Lady

Cock-sparrow Hen-sparrow Tom-cat She-cat

Bridegroom Bride Hero Heroine

Widower Widow Sultan Sultana

Fox Vixen (Vixen now means an Unpleasant woman)

1. 
   Pick out Common and Abstract nouns in the following list and then write them down on your note book:
   

2. 
   Pick out Abstract, Collective, Proper and Common Noun from the following list and then write them down on you notebook:
   

3. 
   In the list below, change singular nouns into plural numbers and plural nouns into singular numbers:
   

The pronouns make a sentence readable. If they are not used, the sentence will look funny.

I saw the Gardner, and asked the Gardner if the Gardner would meet me tonight.

I saw the Gardner and asked him if he would meet me tonight.

1. 
   PERSONAL PRONOUNS
   

(a) First Person: he person or persons who are speaking:

I bought a new car.

My father did not come with us.

(b) Second Person: the person or persons addressed:

You should try to be good to all.

This book will be given to you.

4. 
   Third Person: the person or thing spoken about:
   

I found it in the sitting room.

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2. 
   POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
   

3. 
   RELATIE PRONOUNS
   

The relative pronouns are: that, which, who, whom, whose and what.

This is the house that Jameel built.

Mr. Khalil whom you met yesterday is my secretary.

THE WRONG USE OF PRONOUNS

1. 
   The two forms of the personal pronouns are often confused. i.e., me is used for I, him for he, and them for they.
   

Our buyers say that it is WE (not us) who are art fault.

It is I (not me) who must make a decision.

(2) “THEN” & “AS”

When used for the purpose of comparing two pronouns, than and as are used as conjunctions and are followed by the subject-form of he pronouns:

Our friends have been more successful then WE (not us).

We cannot serve the market as well as THEY (not them).

But note the meaning the following sentences. Both are grammatically correct:

The manager blamed the cashier more than me (that is, more than he blamed me).

The manager blamed the cashier more than I (that is, more than I blamed him).

3. 
   “WHO”, “WHOM”
   

I met our new salesman who (not whom), I am sure, will do well (subject of will do well)

We do not know whom (not who) he will appoint (object of he will appoint).

4. 
   “BACH OTHER”, “ONE AN OTHER”
   

We both congratulated each other (not one another).

We three discussed the matter with one another (not each other)

5. 
   “WHICH”
   

He completed the report in time. Which pleased the directors.

The pronoun “which” in this sentence relates neither to he not to report but to the fact of completion but as this word has not been included in the sentence. The pronoun “which “is without an Antecedent. The sentence should be rewritten in some such way:

His completion of the report in time pleased the directors.

You must always be careful to avoid confusion. Look at this:

No one objected to his suggestion, which was disappointing.

What was disappointing? (The suggestion, or the fact that no one objected).

6. 
   “AND WHO”, “AND WHICH”
   

The new operator is an excellent worker, who (not and) knows his job.

The new operator is an excellent worker, who knows his job, and enjoys it.

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7. 
   “MYSELF”
   

Jameel and I (not myself) will play the match.

We can, however, say I myself, Jameel himself, the members themselves, etc.

I myself will see to it.

Indefinite pronouns, i.e., each, everyone, anyone, anybody, everybody, either, neither, etc, are those pronouns which refer to their nouns in a general way. They refer to only singular members and must be treated as singular:

Everybody knows that he (not they) will receive a bonus.

Neither of the players was (not were) absent.

Another common mistake is to mix the indefinite pronoun one with a personal pronoun. If we begin with one we must continue with one and not slip into he or you, or some other pronoun. You must be consistent with the use of your pronouns:

If one wants to drive a car, one must get a license.

1. 
   Choose the correct form of the pronouns given in brackets and then write them down in your notebook:
   

1. 
   A mosquito bit (me, myself) one the arm.
   

2. 
   Psychologists know (us, we, ourselves) but sometime the hate (us, ourselves)
   

3. 
   Here we are : Amjad, Naeem, and (I, me, myself)
   

4. 
   Let us you and (I, me) kill these rats.
   

5. 
   The two soldiers saluted (each other, one another).
   

6. 
   He was good to (whoever, whomever) came to him.
   

2. 
   Select personal pronouns. Possessive pronouns, and Relative pronouns from the list given below, then write them down in your notebook:
   

3. 
   Correct the following sentences:
   

1. 
   Yesterday I invited you, he and they.
   

2. 
   Let you and I go to the hotel to me he.
   

3. 
   He is the man who I met in Lahore.
   

4. 
   I will not go there without they, she, and he.
   

5. 
   Do you know whom the manager was?
   

6. 
   Whenever one can, he should do your dirty.
   

7. 
   He came to see my father and I.
   

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An ADJECTIE is a word that qualifies a Noun or a Pronoun

An Adjective is generally used before the Noun It modifies.

We are brave men. He has a kind heart.

They are gentle people. He has a warm heart.

But Note these sentences where the adjective is used after the noun it modifies:

The streets were wide. I had time enough.

The sea is calm tonight. The tide is fall.

I want to paint my doors white.

The Positive Degree or the first degree is the simple form of the Adjective: Good bad, old.

Almost all adjectives of one syllable and many of two syllables form the comparative degree by adding r or er to the adjective.

The remaining word of two syllables and words of three or more syllables form the comparative degree by using more before the simple adjective.

All adjectives of one syllable form the superlative degree by adding –st or –est.

All other adjectives form the superlative degree by using most before the simple adjective.

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Some commonly used adjectives are formed irregularly:

Bad worse worst

Far farther, further farthest

Good better best

Late later, latter latest, last

Little less, lesser least

Much, many more most

Old older, elder oldest, eldest

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES:

There are three degrees of comparison:

1. The Positive Degree tell the simple quality: Iqbal was a great poet. He was a wise man.

2. The Comparative Degree expresses comparison: Jameel is wise than Khalil. Iqbal was a greater poet than Hali.

3. The Superlative Degree expresses the highest degree of quality: Socrates was the wisest Greek of all. Shakespeare was the greatest English poet.

Note that the superlative degree is used to compare at least three or more persons or things.

The definite article the, and indefinite articles a and an are also Adjectives because they limit the meanings of nouns. They are called limiting Adjectives.

The is called the Definite Article. It always particularizes a noun, that is, It specifies a particular noun, distinct from others.

He is not the man I was talking about.

The monkey has a beard.

The children are monsters.

Only the brave deserve the fair.

He was the Socrates of our society.

The brave never taste of death but once.

The gold in my ring is too soft.

The summery of last car was very hot.

1. “Any”, “Either”: Either means any one of two any means one of three or more. Note these sentences:

Either (not any) of the two shirts is suitable.

Any (not either) of these three trains will be convenient.

Any means only one: hence, in comparative or superlative sentence it cannot stand alone. Use it like this:

Iqbal is greater than any other (not any) poet.

2. “Some”: Some is an adjective. Never use it as a pronoun. Look at these sentences:

Wrong: We received your letter. Thank you for the same.

Right: Thank you for your letter which we received today.

Wrong: The parcel was received today and we sent the same to him.

Right: The parcel was received today and we sent it to him.

3. The “Two First”, “The Three last”: It is impossible to have more than one first or last of anything. Therefore, the expression the “Two First” or the “Three Last” is absolutely incorrect.

Your first two orders were sent today.

We have accepted your last three quotations.
EXERCISES

1. 
   Underline each Adjective in these sentences:
   

1. 
   One full glass of milk was spilt by him.
   

2. 
   He offered effective and convincing arguments.
   

3. 
   The coffee he offered me was sweet and delicious.
   

4. 
   He suffered from chranic dysentery.
   

5. 
   The lawyer said that he would prepare the case well.
   

6. 
   Which is that man who called you names.
   

2. 
   Supply Adjectives for these Nouns:
   

Advantage example regret

Access habit reputation

Benefit island

Comparison discipline secretary

Crisis practice tennis

3. 
   Change the italicized adjectives to their Comparative superlative form:
   

1. 
   You are very kind to me
   

2. 
   She is an old lady.
   

3. 
   Of the two apples, take the small one.
   

4. 
   I like your good habits.
   

5. 
   your arguments are absurd.
   

6. 
   I have never eaten such a big apple.
   

7. 
   Are you happy with your new position?
   

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The Verb is a word that says something in a sentence about something else. It is the key word in a sentence. Without it you can never make a sentence. A verb may sometime form the whole part of a sentence which is expressed. The remainder may be understood or implied. Thus we may say Stop to mean that you must stop, and the word by itself makes sense.

The good arrived yesterday. (a statement)

Have you received the invoice? (a question)

Invite Mr. Jameel to dinner. (an order).

Verbs are divided into three classes:

(i) Transitive (ii) Intransitive (iii) Auxiliary

Examples:

1. 
   Jameel killed a tiger. (transitive)
   

2. 
   The laborer works well. (intransitive)
   

3. 
   Jameel was writing a poem. (auxiliary).
   

In sentence 3. the verb has two parts: was and writing. The first, i.e, was is an Auxiliary or Helping Verb, and the second is the Principal Verb.

(ii) A verb is intransitive when the action stops with the subject and does not pass from the subject to its object.

(iii) A verb is Auxiliary when it helps the principal Verb.
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PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERBS

The Principal Parts of a verb are three: (1) The Infinitive. i.e, the first form of the verb: go, sir, rise, (2) The Past Tense, i.e. the second form of the verb: went, sat, rose, etc. (3) The Past Participle, i.e., the third form of the verb: gone, sat, risen.

Awake awoke awaken

Bear bore born

Begin began begun

Bid bade bidden

Break broke broken

Burst burst burst

Dive dived dived

Do did done

Drink drank drunk

Flee fled fled

Fly flew flown

Forsake forsook forsaken

Get got got

Go went gone

Hang hang, hanged hang, hanged

Have had had

Know knew know

Lay laid laid

Lie lay lain

Light lit, lighted lit, lighted

Ring rang rung

Rise rose risen

See saw seen

Sing sang sung

Slay slew slain

Stink stunk stunk

Swear swore sworn

Swim swam swum

Wake woke, waked waked

Wring wrung wrung

Write wrote written

The verb must agree with its Subject in number. The verb has two numbers: Singular & Plural. Not the following rules:

Jameel and Aleem both need new uniforms.

But note that when the compound subject denotes a single idea, it may take a singular verb:

Simple living and high thinking is my golden rule.

Wrong: He is one of those men who walks barefoot.

Right: He is one of those men who walk barefoot.

(2) Use Singular Verb With Words Like Each, Everybody.

Everyone none, etc.,

Everybody was shouting

Each day was counted.

4. 
   In Case of Subjects Joined by “Either…. Or”, “Neither…. Nor”, the Verb will Agree with the subject Nearest to it:
   

Either yu or they are mistaken

Neither you nor I am mistaken.

Neither the chairman nor the directors were present.

5. 
   A Collective Noun Will Take a Singular Verb if the Noun is Taken as One unit: it will Take a Plural Verb if Members of the Noun are More Important:
   

The committee were divided on this point.

This staff is the best our office ever had.

The staff were called for a meeting.

6. 
   Some Nouns, Singular in Form but Plural in Meaning. Take Plural Verb:
   

The fish were of different sizes.

The people were going to the movies.

7. 
   Some Nouns, Plural in Form but Singular in Meaning. Take a Singular Verb:
   

Electronics is a science and her become an industry.

The news was received from Peshawar.

8. 
   Words joined With Singular Subjects by “with”, “Together with”, In addition to”, “As well as”, etc., do not affect the verb:
   

The Secretary, in addition to many officers, was transferred.

The lawyer, with his clerks, is attending the court.

Mr. Jameel, together with his friends, is coming here tonight.

There are three tenses and each tense has the following four different forms:

1. 
   Indefinite: This form shows pas, present, or future time in its simplest form: I write, I wrote, I shall write, etc.
   

2. 
   Continuous: This tense denotes that the action is still continuing, for example: I was eating, I am eating, I shall be eating. Etc.
   

3. 
   Perfect: This form denotes that the action has been completed. For Example: I have eaten, I had eaten, I shall have eaten, etc.
   

4. 
   Perfect Continuous: This form combines the meanings of the two preceding forms, for example: I have been writing, I had been writing, etc.
   

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1. Neither jameel nor Ajmal ate at fault in this case.

2. Slow and already win the race.

3. The selection board disagreed among itself.

4. A list of chairs. Tables and other things have been prepared.

5. Our Company have a good sales policy.

6. Five thousand dollars are a lo of money.

7. Do both companies shows increases in its records.

2. What are you eating?

3. I like meat but I don’t like vegetables.

4. Do you also like meat?

5. What he went to Anafkali, he slipped in the chowk, fell and sprained his ankle.

6. Ajmal said he had seen a ghost.

7. By Monday next, they will have taken their examination.

8. He said, “I wish I were a millionaire”.

9. He was very, very frightened as if he had seen ghost.
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THE USE OF SHALL AND WILL

SHAL, is used with the first person, and WILL with the second and Third person. This is the general rule if simple future time is to be expressed.

However, If the idea of promise, or determination, or threat, or order is to be expressed, then Will is used with the First Person, and Shall with the Second and Third Persons. Examine the following Sentence:

FIRST PERSON:

I Shall go there if it is fine. (Mere futurity)

I will go there. (Determination)

SECOND PERSON:

Will you go there tomorrow. (Mere futurity)

You shall go there tomorrow. (Command)

THIRD PERSON

He will go there with us. (Mere futurity)

He shall not go there with us. (Command)

NOTE: That similar difference exists in the use of should and would, too. Use should in the first person and would in the second and third persons to express simple future time.

Note these examples

I said that I should start my work. (Mere futurity)

You said that you would start your work. (Mere futurity):

He said that he would start his work. (Mere futurity)

But to the following examples would is used in place of should, and should in place of would to express promise, determination, etc.:

I said that I would go there. (Determination)

I said that he should go there. (Suggestion)

NOTE: Remember that if shall or will is used in the main clause, it must be followed by shall and will in the subordinate clause. It is wrong to say: “WE shall be pleased if you would come.” It is right to say: “We shall be pleased if you will come.”
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MORE ABOUT SHOULD AND WOULD

1. 
   It is a common mistake to use would with the verb Like, as:
   

2. 
   Sometime should is used of all persons in place of if as:
   

1. 
   Should he come in my absence, tell him to wait for me:
   

2. 
   Should you happen to meet him, tell him to come to my office tomorrow?
   

3. 
   Would express habit also, and is used for all persons, as:
   

5. 
   “Would you mind….” These are pleasant words for making a request. By using them, you can ask almost anything.
   

1. 
   Would you mind if I opened this window?
   

2. 
   Would you mind if I smoked a cigarette?
   

3. 
   Would you mind telling me the time?
   

When a sentence is made of more than one clause, it is necessary to use the verb in the subordinate clause very carefully.

1. When the main verb of a sentence is in the Past Tense. The verbs in the subordinate clause must also be in the past Tense. For example:

He worked hard so he was tired.

She thought that it would not rain.

They did not say anything which was meaningless.

BUT this rule does not apply if a universal or general truth his described in the subordinate clause. In such a case present tense can be used in the subordinate clause even if past tense has been used in the main clause: for example:

My teacher told me that the earth is round.

He told me that honesty is the best policy.

The child knew that as hour has sixty minutes.

2. In a comparative Clause (that is, where two persons or things are compared) any tense that the sense requires may be used.

Note these examples:

He learnt English better than he learnt French.

He learnt English better than he will learn French.

He learnt English better than he learnt French.

3. If the verb in the main clause is in Present or in the Future, in the subordinate clause any tense may be used. For example:

I know that he likes (liked, will like) you.

I shall know that he come (will come, comes).
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EXERCISES

Q. Find out which of these Sentences are wrong, and then correct them:

1. He worked very hard, so he is feelings tired.

2. He said that he will certainly accompany me to the movies.

3. The scientist told his pupils that our earth was in a certain orbit around the Sun.

4. She says that the sun never rose from the west.

5. I would be very happy if you will have your dinner with me next Friday.

6. Did you know that a month has thirty days?

7. He drew long breath and said, “I wish I was dead his moment”.

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Voice is that form of a verb which shows whether the subject in the sentence does something, or something is done to the subject.

1 I like my friends. My friends are liked by me.

2. The carpenter is making a table. A table is being made by the carpenter.

3. He will finish the work. The work will be finished by him.

4. Who did this? By whom was this done?

5. Why did you send me a gift? Why was a gift sent to me by you?

It may be noted that when the verb is changed from the Active Voice to the Passive Voice, the Object of the transitive verb is the Active Voice becomes the Subject of the Verb in the Passive voice.

Since the Object of the verb in the Active Voice becomes the subject of the Passive form, it means that only transitive verbs can be used in the Passive form.

4. I like mangoes.

5. My mother loves me

6. She bought a book.

7. He ate five apples.

8. we shall play tennis.

9. She is singing a song.

10. You are cheating me.

11. I have bought a house.

12. He has kept a large dog.

13. They had lost nothing.

14. they will have killed the bear.

15. I shall have praised her.

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CHANGED TO PASSIVE VOICE

1. 
   The mangoes are liked by me.
   

2. 
   I am loved by my mother.
   

3. 
   was bought by her.
   

4. 
   Five apples were eaten by him.
   

5. 
   Tennis will be played by us.
   

6. 
   A song is being sung by her.
   

7. 
   I am being cheated by you.
   

8. 
   A house has been bought by me.
   

9. 
   A large dong has been kept by him.
   

10. 
    Nothing was lost by them.
    

11. 
    A bear will have been killed by them.
    

12. 
    She will have been praised by me.
    

1. 
   The Subject becomes the Object, and the Object becomes the Subject.
   

2. 
   The Principal Verb is Changed into the Past participle.
   

3. 
   The Principal Verb is Preceded by some form of the Verb be.
   

4. 
   The Preposition by the placed before the Object.
   

1. 
   Only Transitive Verbs can be used in the Passive Voice.
   

2. 
   When a Verb has two objects, only one of them can be used as the Subject in the Passive Voice, the other remains as it is:
   

Passive Voice: An apple was given him by me.

3. 
   When a Verb in the Active Voice expresses an order (command) or request, or an advise, the Verb “let” is used to change it into the passive Voice:
   

Passive Voice: Let my shoes be polished.

Active Voice: Always help the poor.

Passive Voice: Let the poor be helped always.

1. They are knocking at the door.

2. The house will be built by me.

3. Zahid is driving this car.

4. I gave him some instructions.

5. They have written many letters.

6. Jameel has selected a book.

7. Do it at once.

8. Why are you laughing at him?

9. They have pulled down the old building.

A Verbal is a word made from a verb. There are three kinds of Verbal: Participles, Gerunds, and Infinitives. These names, as you can see, seen rather difficult ones and the readers, therefore, try to avoid them. But they add to the richness of sentences, and anyone who ants to enrich his own speech and writing should make use of them.

As stared above, these are: Participles. Gerunds and Infinitives. These are all derived from ordinary verbs and are therefore known as VERBALS.
GERUND:

The Gerund is made from a verb but works as a NOUN. It is made by adding ing to the first form of the Verb. E.g. Playing, Marrying, and Turning.

We listened to the playing of the band (Playing, Gerund)

Have you an opening in your office. (Opening, Gerund)

We live in good surroundings. (Surroundings, Gerund)

The road has a sharp turning. (Turning, Gerund)

Take the first turning on the right. (Turning, Gerund)

The turning of the handle is easy. (Turning, Gerund).
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