- The Building Blocks of ELA
8 Parts of Speech - Nouns
- Pronouns
- Adjectives
- Verbs
- Adverbs
- Prepositions
- Conjunctions
- Interjections
Nouns - Names a
- Person
- Place
- Thing
- Idea
- Examples:
- Mary, girl, neighbor
- New York, town, city
- food, school, house, fox
- honesty, freedom, kindness
Nouns - Examples:
- girl, boy, town, school, subject, state, country
- Susan, Thomas, Tonawanda,
- St. Amelia School, English, New York, United States of America,
- * Proper nouns are ALWAYS CAPITALIZED!
Nouns - Can be
- Concrete
- (can be seen or touched)
- or
- Abstract
- (cannot be seen or touched)
- Examples:
- desk, child, gumball
- freedom, responsibility,
- honesty, prejudice
Nouns - Can be compound
- and written as:
- Single word
- Separate words
- Hyphenated words
- Examples:
- homework, textbook, classmate, grandmother
- pen pal, word processing, Maryann Smith, dining room
- three-fourths, mother-in-law, sister-in-law, self-esteem
Pronouns - Take the place of a noun – acts as its substitute.
- The noun being substituted by the pronoun is its ANTECEDENT.
- (prefix “ante” means “before”; therefore, most antecedents come before their pronouns.)
- Examples:
- Susan said that she was sorry.
- Thomas claimed the pencil belonged to him. Later he realized that it belonged to Mark.
Pronouns - Reflexive vs. Intensive
- Pronouns that end in “self” or “selves”
- Examples:
- herself
- himself
- themselves
- Intensive =
- antecedent is next to the pronoun
- Mary herself made the cake.
- Reflexive =
- Pronoun functions as direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition.
- Mary hurt herself. (D.O.)
- Mary baked herself a cake. (I.O)
- Mary studied by herself. (Obj. of Prep.)
Pronouns - Can be
- Demonstrative
- THIS
- THAT
- THESE
- THOSE
- Examples:
- This is mine.
- That is yours.
- These are broken.
- Those are sweet.
- Use your finger to “demonstrate”!
Adjectives - Describe/Modify
- Nouns
- Pronouns
- Answer Questions:
- Which one?
- What kind?
- How many?
- As ARTICLES,
- can be
- Definite
- or
- Indefinite
- Can be
- Demonstrative:
- This
- That
- These
- Those
- Look at that colorful balloon!
Adjectives - Answer Questions:
- Which one?
- What kind?
- How many?
- Examples:
- Bring me the red sweater.
- I am wearing a wool sweater.
- I own six sweaters.
Adjectives - Can be
- Demonstrative
- THIS
- THAT
- THESE
- THOSE
- Examples:
- This house is mine.
- That house is yours.
- These crayons are broken.
- Those apples are sweet.
- Use your finger to “demonstrate”!
Adjectives - Can be
- Interrogative
- and will prompt a
- question:
- Examples:
- Which books are yours?
- What movie is your favorite?
- Whose lunch is this?
Adjectives - Can be
- Indefinite
- (not clear exactly which ones or how many)
- Every boy wears a tie.
- We ate a few cookies.
- Tom spent some time doing his chores.
Adjectives - Examples:
- I am a good citizen.
- I ate the delicious food.
- I am an American citizen.
- I ate the Chinese food.
- * Proper adjectives are ALWAYS CAPITALIZED!
Adjective Articles - Can be
- Definite
- (the)
- or
- Indefinite
- (a; an)
- Examples:
- Please bring me the apple from my desk.
- Please pick up the pen from the floor.
- Please bring me an apple from the bag.
- Please choose a pen from the box.
Verbs - 3 types of verbs:
- Action (a.k.a. Main Verb)
- Linking (a.k.a. Main Verb)
- Helping (introduces the main verb)
Verbs - The final verb in a sentence is the main verb (action or linking).
- Verbs that introduce the main verb are the helping verbs.
- I baked a cake. ACTION VERB
- The cake was delicious. LINKING VERB
- I did bake a delicious cake. 1 HELPING VERB + ACTION VERB
- I should have been on time. 2 HELPING VERBS + LINKING VERB
- I should have been eating by now. 3 HELPING VERBS + ACTION VERB
Action Verbs Action Verbs - Transitive [AV DO]
- Verb action has a noun or pronoun receiver (a.k.a. direct object)
- I ate an apple.
- Susan wrote a great essay.
- Intransitive
- Verb action has no receiver (no direct object)
- I ate earlier.
- Susan wrote all night.
Common Linking Verbs - Show existence, being
- am I am happy.
- is He is a good student.
- are They are here.
- was The child was tired.
- were We were in school.
- be Please be on time.
- being Please stop being rude.
- been We have been here before.
Familiar Linking Verbs - Show existence, being
- look You look great!
- feel I feel sick.
- taste The lemon tastes sour.
- sound This song sounds familiar.
- smell The garbage smells awful.
- appear You appear angry.
- become He became president.
- seem They seem tired.
- remain She remained calm.
- Hint: if you can replace a verb with Am, Is, Are, Was, or Were, the verb is functioning as a LINKING VERB!
Linking Verbs [LV PA / PN] - Linking verbs “link” the subject of the sentence with a noun or adjective (a.k.a. Predicate Noun or Predicate Adjective) that gives us information about the subject.
- Examples:
- I am a girl. (PN)
- She was pretty. (PA)
- I felt sick. (PA)*
- This is my phone. (PN)
- This tastes sour. (PA)*
- The test is easy. (PA)
- You look great! (PA)*
- You are my hero. (PN)
- *Hint: if you can replace a verb with Am, Is, Are, Was, or Were, the verb is functioning as a LINKING VERB!
Helping Verbs (a.k.a. Auxiliary Verbs) - Helping verbs combine with the main verb to form a verb phrase.
- A sentence can contain up to 3 helping verbs for each main verb.
- We have eaten these before.
- I am driving a new car.
- They should be sleeping by now.
- We should have been studying all week.
- am I am eating this.
- is She is eating this.
- are They are eating this.
- was I was eating this.
- were They were eating this.
- be You should be eating this.
- being It is being eaten by you.
- been You could have been eating this.
Common Helping Verbs - have I have studied.
- has She has studied.
- had We had studied together.
- did We did study for the test.
- does He does study each night.
- do I do study every night.
Familiar Helping Verbs - may You may eat now.
- must You must eat now.
- might He might eat now.
- can We can eat now.
- could They could eat now.
- should I should eat now.
- would We would eat now.
- will She will eat now.
Adverbs Adverbs - Answers questions:
- When?
- Where?
- How?
- To what extent?
- Condition or reason
- Examples
- All our relatives gather yearly. (when)
- This year we celebrated uptown. (where)
- Joyously, we greeted one another. (how)
- We were very happy to be together. (to what extent)
Adverbs - Many adverbs end in the suffix “ly”.
- Formed by adding “ly” to adjectives
- happy – happily
- easy –easily
- grateful –gratefully
- Exceptions: these words which end in “ly” are usually adjectives:
- friendly
- lively
- lovely
- lonely
- Some adverbs not ending in “ly”:
- afterward near
- already never
- always not
- anywhere now
- away nowhere
- below often
- even outside
- ever seldom
- everywhere short
- fast sometimes
- forever somewhere
- hard soon
- here straight
- home then
- late there
- long well
- Remember: “NOT” is NOT a Verb! It’s an Adverb!!
Good vs. Well - “Good” and “bad” are adjectives. Use them before nouns or after Linking Verbs (as Predicate Adjectives).
- I had a good day.
- (good modifies the noun day).
- My day was bad.
- (bad is a Predicate Adjective which follows the Linking Verb was.)
- “Well” and “badly” are adverbs. Use them to modify verbs.
- I did well on my test.
- I did badly on my test.
- (well and badly modify the verbs did)
- ** “Well” may also be used as an adjective to mean “healthy”.
- You look well today.
- (well is a Predicate Adjective which follows the Linking Verb look)
Prepositions - How many words can you relate to the mountain?
- up the mountain
- down the mountain
- around the mountain
- through the mountain
- over the mountain
- behind the mountain
Prepositions - MUST BE
- in a prepositional phrase
Prepositional Phrases PP - Prepositional phrases consist of:
- Preposition + Object of the Preposition
-
- up the mountain
-
- through the door
-
- on the teacher’s desk
Prepositional Phrases PP - Preposition is the 1st word in a prepositional phrase
- Object of the Preposition is the last word (noun or pronoun) in a prepositional phrase
- up the mountain
- through the door
- under the desk
- Remember: Prepositional phrases NEVER contain verbs!
Improper Prepositions - What is wrong with these sentences?
- What channel are you on?
- Whom are you going with?
- Prepositions MUST BE in prepositional phrases!
- You are on what channel?
- You are going with whom?
Prepositions PP - Some prepositions cannot be easily related to the mountain, such as
- Some prepositions are made up of 2 or more words, such as
-
- according to
- in between
- in spite of
- on top of
- in addition to
Prepositions PP - Common Prepositions:
- aboard before down of throughout
- about behind during on to
- above below except onto toward
- across beneath for opposite under
- after beside from out underneath
- against besides in outside until
- along between inside over up
- among beyond into past upon
- around but (except) like since with
- as by near through within
- at
Prepositions - Multi-word prepositions
- according to because of in spite of
- across from except for instead of
- along with in front of on top of
- aside from in place of on account of
- in addition to
Coordinating Conjunctions - Coordinating Conjunctions
- and
- but
- for
- nor
- or
- so
- yet
- Examples:
- The pens and pencils are here.
- I like carrots but not lima beans.
- I’m excited, for today is my birthday.
- I didn’t like the movie, nor did she.
- Are you eating pizza or hamburgers?
- Mary wanted a new phone, so she saved her allowance money.
- He works quickly yet carefully.
- Conjunction Junction, what's your function?
Correlative Conjunctions - Correlative Conjunctions
- Either ~ or
- Neither ~ nor
- Not only ~ but also
- Both ~ and
- Whether ~ or
- Examples:
- I’ll either walk or jog home.
- Neither you nor I have blue eyes.
- Not only do I like ELA, but I also like science class.
- Leah earned an A in both math and religion.
- We need to decide whether to leave or to stay.
Interjections!!!!!!! - Interjections typically indicate strong feelings or excitement.
- Wow! We won!
- Ouch! That pan is hot!
- Yes! I got an A!
- Some interjections are followed by commas, and indicate a mild feeling instead or a strong one.
- Well, I better get started.
- Oh, how I dread Mondays.
- He yelled an interjection when the nurse gave him an injection!
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