William Gilbert, an English physician, first proposed in 1600 that the earth itself is a magnet, and he predicted that the Earth would be found to have magnetic poles

• Magnetism

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• Magnets have been known for centuries.
• The Chinese and Greeks knew about the “magical” properties of magnets. The ancient Greeks used a stone substance called “magnetite.” They discovered that the stone always pointed in the same direction. Later, stones of magnetite called “lodestones” were used in navigation.

• William Gilbert, an English physician, first proposed in 1600 that the earth itself is a magnet, and he predicted that the Earth would be found to have magnetic poles.

• What is Magnetism?

• Magnetism is the force of attraction or repulsion of a magnetic material due to the arrangement of its atoms, particularly its electrons.

• All magnetic phenomena result from forces between electric charges in motion.

• The ends of a magnet are where the magnetic effect is the
• strongest. These are called “poles.” Each magnet has
• 2 poles – 1 north, 1 south.

• Like repels like…

• Opposites attract!

• Poles of a magnet always
• Come in pairs!

• If you cut a magnet in half,

• you get 2 magnets!

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No Monopoles Allowed

• It has not been shown to be possible to end up with a single North pole or a single South pole, which is a monopole ("mono" means one or single, thus one pole).
• Note: Some theorists believe that magnetic monopoles may have been made in the early Universe. So far, none have been detected.

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• Magnetic Fields

• The region where the magnetic forces
• act is called the “magnetic field”

Defining Magnetic Field Direction

• Magnetic Field vectors as written as B

• Direction of magnetic field at any point is defined as the direction of motion of a charged particle on which the magnetic field would not exert a force.

• Magnitude of the B-vector is proportional to the force acting on the moving charge, magnitude of the moving charge, the magnitude of its velocity, and the angle between v and the B-field. Unit is the Tesla or the Gauss (1 T = 10,000 G).

Field Lines Around a Bar Magnet

Field Lines Around a Magnetic Sphere

Field Lines of Repelling Bars

Field Lines of Attracting Bars

• Atoms themselves have magnetic properties due
• to the spin of the atom’s electrons.

• These areas of atoms are called “domains”

• Groups of atoms join so that their magnetic fields
• are all going in the same direction

• When an unmagnetized substance is placed in a magnetic
• field, the substance can become magnetized.
• This happens when the spinning electrons line up in the
• same direction.

• An unmagnetized substance looks like this…

• While a magnetized substance looks
• like this…

• Iron

• Lodestone (Magnetite)

• How to break a magnet:

• 1. Drop it

• 2. Heat it

• This causes the domains to become random again!

Making and Breaking Magnets

• In most materials, if you add energy to the electrons, you can get them to move and realign
• Can you think of ways to add energy to electrons?
• How can you make a magnet?
• How can you demagnetize a magnet?
• What happens when you break a magnet?

Magnetic Field Vectors Due to a Bar Magnet

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Magnetic Field Lines

• The direction of the magnetic field at any point is tangent to the magnetic field line at that point.

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Vocabulary for ELL

• Magnet: material that can both attract and repel other magnets. Iron is most common.
• Pole: Part of the magnet where the force is the strongest
• Metal: material that is often attracted to magnets and a good electrical conductor
• Horseshoe magnet:
• U-shaped magnet

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• The Earth is a magnet:

• It exerts magnetic forces and is surrounded by a
• magnetic field that is strongest near the
• North and South
• magnetic poles

• Sometimes, the Earth’s magnetic poles flip. This happens every half-million years or so.

• Magnetic North Pole

• Magnetic South Pole

• We use the Earth’s magnetic field
• to find direction.

• The needle of a compass always points toward the magnetic south pole.

• We call this direction “North”
• (remember, opposites attract)

Vocabulary for ELL

• Geographic North pole: the north end of the axis around which the Earth rotates
• Magnetic North pole: the point on the Earth to which a compass needle points

• The sun has a magnetic field, too. It extends far above the sun’s surface.

• Other planets in the solar system also have these magnetic fields

• When a charged particle enters a magnetic field, an electric force is exerted on it. If a charged particle moves at an angle to a magnetic field, the magnetic force acting on it will cause it to move in a spiral around the magnetic field lines.

• The solar wind is constantly bombarding the Earth’s magnetic field. Sometimes these charged particles penetrate that field. These particles are found in two large regions known as the Van Allen Belts.

• The Earth’s magnetic field extends far into space. It is called the “magnetosphere.”

• When the magnetic particles from the sun, called “solar wind”, strike this magnetosphere, we see a phenomenon called…

• The Aurora Borealis in the Northern Hemisphere

• And the Aurora Australis in the Southern Hemisphere

Electricity and Magnetism

• Electric forces hold atoms and molecules together.
• Electricity controls our thinking, feeling, muscles and metabolic processes.
• Electricity and magnetism underpin much of our current technology (e.g. computers).
• Electricity and magnetism are linked on a fundamental level.

Electric Motor

• An electric motor, is a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical (rotational or kinetic) energy.
• A current is passed through a loop which is immersed in a magnetic field. A force exists on the top leg of the loop which pulls the loop out of the paper, while a force on the bottom leg of the loop pushes the loop into the paper.

• The net effect of these forces is to rotate the loop.

Electromagnet (Magnetism from Electricity)

• An electromagnet is simply a coil of wires which, when a current is passed through, generate a magnetic field, as below.

Magnetic Properties of Matter

• In other words….materials which produce magnetic fields with no apparent circulation of charge.

• All substances - solid, gas, and liquid - react to the presence of a magnetic field on some level. Remember why?
• How much they react causes them to be put into several material “types”.

Top Ten List

• 1. There are North Poles and South Poles.
• 2. Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.
• 3. Magnetic forces attract only magnetic materials.
• 4. Magnetic forces act at a distance.
• 5. While magnetized, temporary magnets act like permanent magnets.

• What We Will Learn About Magnetism

Top Ten Continued

• 9. A charged particle experiences no magnetic force when moving parallel to a magnetic field, but when it is moving perpendicular to the field it experiences a force perpendicular to both the field and the direction of motion.
• 10. A current-carrying wire in a perpendicular magnetic field experiences a force in a direction perpendicular to both the wire and the field.

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