The Era of Good Feelings

“The Era of Good Feelings” --The brief period of political calm during the administration of James Monroe

Nationalism – Pride in one’s country

Noah Webster – put together an American Dictionary

"The American System"

1 a protective tariff,

2 development of transportation

3 a national bank

National Road – When it was built, it looked like the new "Gateway to the West" would be Baltimore

Erie Canal – made New York the “Gateway to the West”

Oregon Country – US and Britain agreed to share it

Andrew Jackson – invaded Florida, captured Spanish fort and executed two British subjects

Adams-Onis Treaty – 1. Spain gave up Florida to the U.S., 2. Spain gave up her claim to the Oregon Country, 3. the border between the United States and Spanish Mexico was set

Russia - The area that is now Alaska was claimed in the early 1800’s by Russia

The Monroe Doctrine

1 - Western Hemisphere is closed to further colonization

2 - Europe cannot interfere with independent Latin American nations

3 - any attempt to interfere would be viewed as an act unfriendly to the United States

4 - The United States will not interfere in European Affairs.
Robert Fulton - Early steamboat developer

Tom Thumb – early locomotive

Eli Whitney - invented the cotton gin

- interchangeable parts

Industrial Revolution The change from making products by hand, one at a time, in homes to mass-producing products by machine in factories.

Mass Production – producing on a large scale

Samuel Slater - English factory worker who brought industrial secrets to America

Francis Lowell – owned mills in New England

The Missouri Compromise –worked out by Henry Clay

1 - Missouri comes in as a slave state

2 - Maine comes in as a free state

3 - slavery is banned in the Louisiana Territory north of Missouri’s southern boarder

Nominating Conventions - characteristic of Jacksonian democracy

Election of 1824 – no candidate received a majority of the electoral votes; The House of Representatives decided who would be the president.

Andrew Jackson – received the most popular votes, but was not elected president.

John Quincey Adams - became president without majority of popular or electoral vote

Henry Clay – gave his support to Adams, Adams won and made Clay his Secretary of State

"Corrupt Bargain" – Jackson claimed that he was robbed of the presidency by a deal between Clay and Adams

Democratic Party - Andy Jackson’s Party

Spoils System - filling public offices with political supporters

Jacksonian Democracy

- extension of voting rights to more white males

- spoils system, nominating conventions

- strong president

Sequoya composed an alphabet and written language for the Cherokee

Indian Removal Act – Georgia decided to expel Native Americans from the state

Osceola - led Seminoles in armed resistance to Indian removal

Worcester v. Georgia - (supreme court said that they could not be forced out, Jackson ignored the court)

"Trail of Tears" -expulsion of Cherokee from Georgia

Nullification - state ignoring federal law

The Webster- Hayne Debate - Daniel Webster pleaded for "liberty and union, now and forever, one and

inseparable"

South Carolina threatened to leave the Union, but Jackson threatened to use force to carry out the laws

Tariff Compromise of 1833 – Worked out by Henry Clay

Second Bank of the United States - Jackson opposed the second Bank of the United States because he thought it

was a monopoly benefiting the rich.

Nicholas Biddle - president of the National Bank

Pet Banks – “local” banks run by supporters of Jackson

Specie Circular - forbade payment to the treasury for public land in anything except gold or silver or bank notes

backed by gold or silver

Martin Van Buren - Jackson's second vice-president, he followed Jackson as president

Whig Party - formed by opponents of Jackson

William Henry Harrison - elected president with the slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too." Died shortly after

taking office

U.S. HISTORY I - Chapter 8

Lowell System – Experiment using unmarried women and girls to work in mills and factories.

-

Martin Van Buren - limited working hours for some government workers,

Sarah G. Bagley - organized mill workers into a union

Immigration

Irish - Came to US because of famine, were mostly Catholic, unskilled, settled in large Eastern Cities

Germans - came to US because of failed revolutions and political upheaval, religious persecution, and for

economic opportunity; were generally skilled, educated; mostly protestant, ¼ Catholic,

thousands of German Jews; often settled in mid-west

Nativism – anti-immigrant sentiment

The Know-Nothings- anti-foreigner party

The American Party – New name for Know-Nothing Party

Cyrus McCormick - inventor of the mechanical reaper

Cotton – made up almost 2/3 or the value of all American exports

Cotton production moved further West and South

Tredegar Iron Works – Iron factory in Virginia

The South - Cities and industry developed slowly in the south because most wealthy Southerners invested in

land and slaves instead of factories and transportation.

Attitudes toward Slavery – some criticized slavery because it was inefficient and inconsistent with the spirit of

the Revolution;

-Northern attacks on slavery led to stronger Southern defense of slavery

-Those who believed in the pro-slavery argument said that southern slavery was not a necessary evil, but was

a positive good, and was good for the slave and was better than the “wage slavery” of the North,

-Those who did not own slaves supported it because it gave a sense of superiority, and possibility of future

ownership of slaves

American Colonization Society- to send freed slaves to Africa

Liberia - colony in Africa for former slaves

Planters - owned 20 or more slaves, usually involved in agriculture

- only 25% of white families owned any slaves at all, most of them owned 5 or less

- were wealthiest and most influential group in spite of their small number

Yeoman Farmers – small farmers; The majority of Southern whites

African Americans – Most Blacks in the South were slaves. % of slaves in population increased toward the west

-By 1860 260,000 (1/4 million) free blacks lived in the South.

-some free Blacks were skilled workers.

Overseers - Managers on large plantations, who were usually white

Drivers - Assistants on plantations chosen from among the slaves

Slave Life - Domestic slaves were treated better than field slaves.

-sometimes sold away from families; Slave marriages had no legal standing in the South.

- forbidden to testify against Whites, to possess firearms, to be out after curfew, or travel without a pass

Frederick Douglass- escaped slave from Maryland, lecturer, editor of The North Star, wrote his autobiography

Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey - both planned slave revolts that did not happen

Nat Turner - led bloody slave revolt in Virginia

Slave Codes - strict rules for slave behavior; Made it illegal to teach Blacks to read or write.

Slave Resistance

- running away, and sabotage, in addition to revolts

Underground Railroad - network of Black and White who helped slaves escape to the North or Canada

Harriet Tubman – “conductor” on Underground RR; made many trips South, and helped hundreds to escape.

Slave Culture - Enslaved African Americans coped with their situation by using music, folktales and humor to

create hope, and preserve their African roots.

-Slave religion was a blend of Christian and traditional African beliefs, music, dancing

-folktales based on African stories

Spirituals - songs that expressed longing for freedom, sometimes called “sorrow songs,” sung during work,

relaxation, worship

U. S. HISTORY - Chapter 9
Alexis de Tocqueville traveler who wrote Democracy in America

Second Great Awakening – wave of religious revivals

Charles Finney –best known preacher of the second great awakening

Richard Allen – An African American religious leader in Philadelphia; founded AME Church

AME Church – only church where Black people were always equal.

Slaves and Christianity – slave owners disagreed about

Utopian Communities

Shakers Utopian Community

"Mother Ann" Lee founded the Shakers

Mormons
Joseph Smith - founded the Mormon Church

Brigham Young – led Mormon after Joseph Smith was killed. Settled at Salt Lake City

Salt Lake City

Brook Farm - Utopian Community

Ralph Waldo Emerson – best known Transcendentalists

Transcendentalists –believed understanding comes from self-reflection and from reflecting on nature

Dorothea Dix – crusaded for reform of the treatment of mentally ill and prisoners

Temperance – moderation in the use of alcohol

Prohibition – banning alcohol

Horace Mann - crusaded for public education

Oberlin College The first male college to accept female students and black students

Mount Holyoke – first women’s college

Freedom's Journal a newspaper published by black abolitionists

David Walker wrote the "Appeal"

William Lloyd Garrison editor of The Liberator

The Liberator – anti-slavery newspaper

American Anti-Slavery Society – two of the founders were Charles Finney and William Lloyd Garrison

Frederick Douglass

Sojourner Truth -former slave from New York who traveled around the country speaking against slavery and

for women’s rights

Elijah Lovejoy abolitionist killed by a mob

Cinque. - led slave revolt on the Amistad

John Q. Adams defended the defendants accused in the Amistad case

Sarah and Angelina Grimke' born into slaveholding southern family, moved north , became abolitionist

Elizabeth Cady Stanton organizer of the first women's rights convention

Lucretia Mott organizer of the first women's rights convention

Seneca Falls – site of first women’s rights convention; declared that “…all men and women are created equal.”

Suffrage – the right to vote. The delegates to the first Women’s Rights Convention disagreed significantly on the issue of women’s rights suffrage,

Susan B. Anthony – took over leadership of women’s suffrage movement after Elizabeth Cady Stanton
U.S. HISTORY - Chapter 9

Essay Assignment
Write an essay about the reform movements of the 1830's and 1840's. You may either write about the wide array of reform movements that flourished in this period, or you may choose to concentrate your essay on one or two major reforms that you find interesting. (For example: abolition, women's rights, public schools, utopian communities, religious reforms, temperance and prohibition)

The essay should be two pages long if it is typed, double-spaced using 12-point font, or three pages for Honors. This assignment will count as one-half of your grade for Chapter 9. It is due on Tuesday, March 12..

U.S. HISTORY - Chapter 10
Manifest Destiny -The concept that the United States was meant to stretch from ocean to ocean was called

Tejanos - Mexicans who lived in Texas

Empresarios - businessmen who recruited settlers to come to Tesas

Stephen Austin - led the first 300 settlers from the US into Mexico

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna - Led Mexican troops against the Alamo

The Texas Revolution - between the people in Texas and the Government of Mexico

The Alamo - mission fort in Texas

Sam Houston Led Texas army, defeated Mexicans at San Jacinto

San Jacinto - Sam Houston defeats Santa Anna, who signs papers giving Texas independence

The Lone Star Republic - As a result of the Texas Revolution, Texas became an independent nation,

Juan Nepomuceno Seguin - leader of Tejanos, at one time was a defender of Alamo

Annexation - some people opposed annexing Texas because they did not want another slave state and because they did not want to go to war with Mexico

James K. Polk – President of US during Mexican War

“dark horse” an unknown or little-known candidate

Nueces River - the traditional southern border of Texas

Rio Grande - border of Texas claimed by Texas and the United States.

Zachary Taylor - general sent to the Rio Grande by President of the U. S.

"Spot Resolution" - was introduced by Abraham Lincoln

Henry David Thoreau - wrote Walden, and “On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, was arrested because he

refused to pay his taxes to support a government slavery and the Mexican War.

Stephen Kearney - officer who fought in California against Mexico

John C. Fremont - officer who fought in California against Mexico

Bear Flag Republic - California

Winfield Scott led U. S. Marines into Mexico City

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - Mexico loses one-third of their teritory

Mexican Cession - land gained by US from Mexico in the war

Gadsden Purchase - land purchased by the US from Mexico to build a trans-continental railroad

Santa Fe Trail

Mountain Men - made a living selling furs

James Beckwourth - discovered a key mountain pass near Reno, Nevada

“54 40 or Fight” Slogan for those Americans who wanted to take ALL of the Oregon Territory

The Oregon Trail

The Donner Party – traped in mountains by snow, many died

Treaty of Fort Laramie - Treaty between US and Indian tribes. Indians agree to let settlers on their way to the

west coast pass through their land without trouble, and to allow RR and telegraph lines. US agrees to pay

the Indians 15,000 per year and promises to keep settlers out of the Indian’s territory.

John Sutter - Gold was discovered near the mill he owned

"Forty-Niners" – people who traveled to California in the “Gold Rush” of 1849.

Chinese - Many Chinese came to US to build the trans-continental railroad. Suffered prejudice on West Coast.

U.S. HISTORY - Chapter 11

Slavery in the Territories - people had different solutions for the problem of slavery in the territories.

1.- - Extend Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific

2.- Popular Sovereignty -the idea that the people of a territory should decide whether to be a free or slave state

3.- Wilmot Proviso – a proposal that banns slavery from all the lands gained in the Mexican War.

Free Soil Party – opposed the spread of slavery into the territories

Martin Van Buren – presidential candidate of the Free Soil Party

Methodist and Baptist Churches split into Northern + Southern branches because of disagreement over slavery

Henry Clay proposed the Compromise of 1850

The Compromise of 1850

1 California comes into Union as a free state

2 New Mexico territory -No decision now. Will eventually come into Union according to popular sovereignty

3 Texas looses land, but has debts paid off for them

4 In the District of Columbia the slave trade is banned, but slavery continues

5 A new and more strict Fugitive Slave Law

John C. Calhoun – Opposed the Compromise of 1850. Believed that slavery should not be restricted anywhere.

Daniel Webster supported Compromise of 1850. Spoke not as Northern man or Mass. man but as an American

William Seward opposed the Compromise of 1850. Said there is a “Higher Law” than the Constitution.

Fugitive Slave Law – required ordinary citizens to help capture fugitive slaves. Accused fugitives had no rights

Harriet Beecher Stowe - author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Anthony Burns - arrested in Boston as a fugitive slave

Personal Liberty Laws - attempt to undermine the Fugitive Slave Law by making it harder to enforce.

Filibusters - soldiers of fortune who tried to conquer Latin American countries

Ostend Manifesto - a demand that Spain give Cuba to the United States

Stephen A. Douglas - Senator who favored popular sovereignty and introduced the Kansas Nebraska Act

Kansas Nebraska Act - repealed the Missouri Compromise and left the question of slavery in the territories up

to popular sovereignty

Emigrant Aid Company – gave financial support to Northerners to travel to Kansas to settle

Bleeding Kansas – violence broke out between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in Kansas

Lawrence, Kansas – was attacked by pro-slavery forces

John Brown - abolitionist who violently attacked and killed five pro-slavery settlers in Kansas.

Charles Sumner - A Senator who was beaten with a cane on the Senate floor.

Republican Party- The Political party formed as a result of the Kansas – Nebraska Act; it was pledged to

prevent the further expansion of slavery in the territories.

John C. Fremont - The FIRST presidential candidate ever nominated by the Republican Party

Lecompton Constitution - Pro-Slavery constitution for Kansas

Dred Scott – Slave who was brought to free territory. Sued to gain freedom. The Supreme Court decided:

1. 
   –traveling to a free territory does not make a slave free.
   
2. 
   – No Black person (slave or free) can be a citizen or have any rights.
   
3. 
   – The Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional because no one can ban slavery in any territory.
   

- Lincoln said “A house divided against itself cannot stand.”

- Douglas’ Freeport Doctrine - The idea that the people of a territory can keep slavery out of a territory by

refusing to pass laws protecting slavery

Harpers Ferry -An attempted slave rebellion in 1859 led by John Brown included plans to capture the armory

and arsenal here. Brown is captured and hanged.

Election of 1860

Democratic Party - At their first convention in 1860 in Charleston, South Carolina the Democratic Party

adjourned without nominating a presidential candidate.

Stephen Douglas - At their Baltimore convention the Northern Democrats nominated him for president.

John C. Breckinridge - Southern Democrats walked out of the Baltimore Convention and nominated John C. Breckinridge as their presidential candidate,

Abraham Lincoln - The presidential candidate of the Republican Party in the election of 1860. Won the

election of 1860 with a majority of the electoral vote, but less than 40% of the popular vote.

John Bell – his political party was called the Constitutional Union Party

Secession.- The first state to secede from the Union was South Carolina

Jefferson Davis - The first president of the Confederate States of America

James Buchanan – President before Lincoln. While Southern states were leaving the Union he did not take

action against them.

US History - Chapter 12 (Sections 1 and 2)

Lincoln's Inaugural Address

- Stated that he would hold on to all government property, but would not start a war

Fort Sumter - First shot of the Civil War was shot here

Robert Anderson - Union officer who was forced to surrender Fort Sumter

P.G.T. Beauregard - Confederate officer in charge of the bombardment of Fort Sumter

Border States - Slave states that did not secede from the Union. (Missouri, .Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware)

At the beginning of the Civil War, President Lincoln's primary aim was restoring the Union, not freeing slaves.

Richmond - Second Capital of the Confederacy

Northern Advantages - Larger population, much more industry, had a navy, had bank deposits, transportation (railroads, ships, etc.)
Southern Advantages - fighting on familiar ground, fighting on the defensive, more concrete motive (fighting

to defend their homes from invaders), possible foreign help, they “do not have to win, to win.”

Bounties - cash reward for enlisting

Conscription - Northerners could avoid the draft by getting a substitute to take their place or by paying $300

Southerners could be exempt if they owned 20 or more slaves.

African Americans - Volunteered to fight, but were rejected at the beginning of the war. They took on many

other roles, even before they were allowed to fight. Medical service, driving wagons, spies, laborers.
Native Americans - fought on both sides, more on the Confederate side.

Women took on many roles in the Civil War such as nurses, spies, working in factories and farms, volunteering

for U.S. Sanitary Commission and American Freedman's Aid Commission, disguising themselves as men

and fighting in the war.

Rose O'Neal Greenhow - Confederate spy

Elizabeth Bowser - African American spy

Elizabeth Blackwell - America’s first female doctor

Clara Barton - Civil War nurse and founder of the American Red Cross,

Sally Tompkins - Confederate nurse

Kate Cummings - Confederate nurse

Disease - Two of every three soldiers who died in the Civil War died from disease

American Freedman's Aid Commission – program to help the newly-freed former slaves.

U.S. Sanitary Commission – Helped to keep hospitals and soldiers quarters healthy and well supplied.

Irvin McDowell - The commander of Union forces at Bull Run

Joseph E. Johnston - a Confederate commander at Bull Run

Manassas - another name for the battle of Bull Run

Bull Run - first major battle in the East, was a Union defeat,

Thomas J. Jackson - Confederate hero at Bull Run, where he earned the nickname “Stonewall Jackson”

Horace Greeley - editor of the New York Tribune

Mary Boykin Chestnut - South Carolina diary writer

Union Strategy

1 blockading the southern coast,

2 seizing control of the Mississippi River

3 capturing the Confederate capital.

Southern Strategy - Fight a defensive war

Louis Napoleon III French emperor who tried to establish an empire in Mexico

Archduke Maximilian ”puppet” ruler of Mexico

Draft Riots - New York protest against the draft

Copperheads - Northerners who were actively opposed to the war

Habeas Corpus - During the war, Lincoln suspended the writ of Habeas Corpus, arrested Southern

sympathizers

U. S. HISTORY I - Chapter 12 (Sections 3 and 4)

Army of the Potomac - The largest Union army in the East

U.S. Grant - Union commander at Shiloh, and Forts Henry and Donelson

Fort Henry, Fort Donelson – captured by Grant

Shiloh – Union victory; During the early years of the war, the greatest Union victories occurred in the West,

David Farragut - Captured New Orleans and Mobile Bay.

Vicksburg - Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River

Peninsula Campaign McClellan came close to Richmond, but was driven back

*Monitor and Merrimack (Virginia) – first two iron-clad ships to fight each other

Robert E. Lee – Commanded Confederate army in the East (Army of Northern Virginia) for most of the war

JEB Stuart – Lee’s cavalry commander

The Seven Days' Battles - Lee drove McClellan away from the Confederate capital by attacking

Contraband – name given to escaped slaves who reach the Union lines

Antietam – battle that stopped Lee’s first invasion of the North,

• 
  battle after which President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
  
• 
  Union commander- McClellan; Confederate commander –Lee
  
• 
  Bloodiest day in American history
  

- Declared all slaves in the area in rebellion were free.

- exempted the border states and all of the areas already conquered and occupied by the Union

- allowed African Americans to enlist in the army

- the release of the proclamation was delayed until the Union would win a victory

African Americans

- Over 180,000 Black soldiers served in the Union Army

- not paid equally to White soldiers.

- not officially allowed to be officers

- will not be treated as prisoners of war

Martin Delany – African American officer

Edwin M. Stanton – Union Secretary of War

Ambrose E. Burnside –replaced McClellan, commanded Union Army at Fredericksburg

Fredericksburg - thousands of men were killed attacking a well-defended Confederate position

Joseph Hooker – Union commander at Chancellorsville

Chancellorsville - Lee defeated Union General Joseph Hooker, but lost “Stonewall” Jackson

George G. Meade – Union commandeer at Gettysburg

Gettysburg

- largest battle of Civil War

- along with the fall of Vicksburg, Gettysburg is considered a turning point of the war.

- George Pickett commanded troops making up the core of the final Confederate attack at Gettysburg

The Wilderness - the first battle where Grant and Lee faced each other

Petersburg – Railroad center just south of Richmond; capturing the city would cause Richmond to fall.

William T. Sherman – Captured Atlanta; led his army on a destructive “March to the Sea.”

Atlanta – captured by Sherman

Election of 1864 - McClellan was the Democratic candidate.

Sherman’s “March to the Sea”

Total War – making war against an entire society, civilians are not excluded

*Andersonville - site of a notorious prisoner of war camp

Appomattox - site where General Lee surrendered to General Grant

Slavery ended

States’ rights conflict resolved

Nation united

South devastated

Bitterness between North and South

Industrial expansion

Republican Party becomes dominant national party

B. In what ways were black Union soldiers treated differently from white Union soldiers?

C. What were come of the consequences of the Civil War?

A. Explain the Emancipation Proclamation. When was it issued and why was it issued at that time? What did it do? Do you think that it was issued too soon, not soon enough, or at the proper time? WHY? Was it the proper action for Lincoln to take or did he go too far or not far enough? WHY?

US History - Chapter 12 (entire chapter in one test)

Crittenden Compromise

Lincoln's Inaugural Address

-

Fort Sumter

P.G.T. Beauregard

Border States

Northern Advantages

Southern Advantages
Bounties

Conscription

African Americans
Native Americans

Women
Rose O'Neal Greenhow

Elizabeth Blackwell

Clara Barton

Sally Tompkins

Kate Cummings

Disease

American Freedman's Aid Commission

Bull Run

Horace Greeley

Mary Boykin Chestnut

Union Strategy

1

2

3

Copperheads

Habeas Corpus

Monitor and Merrimack

George B. McClellan

Peninsula Campaign

Robert E. Lee

JEB Stuart

The Seven Days' Battles

Antietam

Fredericksburg

Joseph Hooker

Chancellorsville

George G. Meade

Gettysburg

-

U.S. Grant

Shiloh

Vicksburg

Emancipation Proclamation
African Americans
Martin Delany

The Wilderness

Petersburg

William T. Sherman

Atlanta

Election of 1864

Andersonville*

Appomattox

Consequences