Forces and Motion
PSc.1.1 Understand motion in terms of speed, velocity, acceleration, and momentum.
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Objectives
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What Learner Should Know, Understand, and Be Able to Do
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Teaching Notes and Resources
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PSc.1.1.1 Explain motion in terms of frame of reference, distance, and displacement.
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Interpret all motion as relative to a selected reference point. Identify distance and displacement as a scalar-vector pair.
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1.Force and Motion: Newton’s Three Laws video clip (2 minutes): http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=143432
2. Distance and Displacement Activity: http://msclantonsphysicalsciencepage.weebly.com/distance-and-displacement-lab-activity-page-one.html
3. Explanation of Distance and Displacement: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1dkin/u1l1c.cfm
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Describe motion qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of an object’s change of position, distance traveled, and displacement.
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1. Vectors: http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/lectures/vectors.htm
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PSc.1.1.2 Compare speed, velocity, acceleration, and momentum using investigations, graphing, scalar quantities, and vector quantities.
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Compare speed and velocity as a scalar-vector pair. Velocity is a relationship between displacement and time:
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1. Speed/Velocity Definition:
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-vector-scalar-quantity-physics.html
2. Speed/Velocity Education Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6U-cOWW1z4o
3. Speed/Velocity Comparison Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-iBy1-nt0M
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Apply concepts of average speed and average velocity to solve conceptual and quantitative problems.
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1. Khan Academy Problem Video: http://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/displacement-velocity-time/v/calculating-average-velocity-or-speed
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Explain acceleration as a relationship between velocity and time: 
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1. Khan Academy Definition Video for Acceleration:
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/mcat/physical-processes/acceleration-mcat/v/acceleration
2. Acceleration Video: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/kinema/acceln.cfm
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Using graphical analysis, solve for displacement, time, and average velocity. Analyze conceptual trends in the displacement vs. time graphs such as constant velocity and acceleration.
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1. Khan Academy Definition Video Graphs: http://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/kinematic_formulas/v/deriving-displacement-as-a-function-of-time--acceleration-and-initial-velocity
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Using graphical analysis, solve for velocity, time, and average acceleration. Analyze conceptual trends in the velocity vs. time graphs such as constant velocity and acceleration.
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1. Khan Academy Definition Video Graphs: http://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/kinematic_formulas/v/plotting-projectile-displacement--acceleration--and-velocity
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Infer how momentum is a relationship between mass and velocity of an object p=mv . The focus should be on the conceptual understanding that the same momentum could be associated with a slow-moving massive object and an object moving at high velocity with a very small mass (e.g.- 100 kg object moving 1 m/s has the same momentum as a 1-kg object moving 100m/s)
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1. Khan Academy Introduction to Momentum:
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/linear-momentum/momentum-tutorial/v/introduction-to-momentum
2.Youtube Momentum Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FwhjUuzUDg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5uceO/r/3g
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Explain change in momentum in terms of the magnitude of the applied force and the time interval that the force is applied to the object. Everyday examples of the impulse/momentum relationship include: the use of airbags in cars; time of contact and “follow-through” in throwing, catching, kicking, and hitting objects in sports; bending your knees when you jump from a height to the ground to prevent injury.
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1. Khan Academy Momentum Continued:
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/linear-momentum/momentum-tutorial/v/momentum--ice-skater-throws-a-ball
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Forces and Motion
PSc.1.2 Understand the relationship between forces and motion.
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Objectives
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What Learner Should Know, Understand, and Be Able to Do
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Teaching Notes and Resources
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PSc.1.2.1 Explain how gravitational force affects the weight of an object and the velocity of an object in free fall.
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Recognize that the weight of an object is a measure of the force of gravity and is the product of its mass and the acceleration due to gravity: Fg = mg
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1. Introduction to gravity:
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/newton-gravitation/gravity-newtonian/v/introduction-to-gravity
2. Easy Weight Comparison Activity:
http://www.spacegrant.hawaii.edu/class_acts/Weight.html
3. Quiz: http://www.mathsisfun.com/measure/weight-mass.html
4. Comparison Between Mass and Weight: http://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/newton-gravitation/gravity-newtonian/v/mass-and-weight-clarification
4. Simulator: http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/mass-spring-lab
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With negligible air resistance, explain acceleration due to gravity as an example of uniformly changing velocity: g= 9.8 m/s2
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1. Acceleration Due to Gravity: http://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/newton-gravitation/gravity-newtonian/v/acceleration-due-to-gravity-at-the-space-station
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Relate the presence of air resistance to the concept of terminal velocity of an object in free fall.
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1. Air resistance example:
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/balanced-unbalanced-forces/v/balanced-and-unbalanced-forces
2. Program/Video of Air Resistance Explanation: http://www.khanacademy.org/cs/modeling-air-resistance/966875281
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PSc.1.2.2 Classify frictional forces into one of four types: static, sliding, rolling, and fluid.
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Identify friction as a force that opposes motion of an object. (Review from middle school.)
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1. Friction Lesson Plan w/ Sim:
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/contributions/view/2846
2. Friction Lab: http://www.ccmr.cornell.edu/ret/modules/documents/Friction.pdf
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Classify the frictional forces present in a situation such as a book resting on a table (static), a box pushed across the floor (sliding), a ball rolling across the floor (rolling), a boat moving through a river (fluid), or an object in free-fall (air resistance).
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1. Friction Wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction
2. Rolling Friction: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_resistance
3. Sliding Friction Lab: http://www.pa.uky.edu/~phy211/Friction_book.html
4.Friction Lab: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/lab/newtlaws/NL8tg.pdf
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PSc.1.2.3 Explain forces using Newton’s three laws of motion.
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Explain the property of inertia as related to mass - the motion of an object will remain the same (either at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line) in the absence of unbalanced forces; if a change in motion of an object is observed, there must have been a net force on the object.
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1.Intro to Newton’s Laws of Motion:
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/newtons-laws-of-motion/v/newton-s-1st-law-of-motion
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/newton3laws.html
2. First Law Explanation Video: http://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/newtons-laws-of-motion/v/newton-s-first-law-of-motion-concepts
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Explain balanced and unbalanced forces mathematically and graphically with respect to acceleration to establish the relationship between net force, acceleration, and mass: a α F and a α 1/m (no trigonometry). Note: α is symbol for angular acceleration.
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1. Balanced and Unbalanced Forces: http://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/balanced-unbalanced-forces/v/balanced-and-unbalanced-forces
2. Balanced/Unbalanced Lab: https://ims.ode.state.oh.us/ODE/IMS/Lessons/Web_Content/CSC_LP_S03_BB_L08_I03_01.pdf
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Explain qualitatively and quantitatively the relationship between force, mass and acceleration– the greater the force on an object, the greater its change in motion; however, the same amount of force applied to an object with less mass results in a greater acceleration.
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1. NFL Learning: https://www.nbclearn.com/nfl/cuecard/50974
2. Second Law of Motion Video:
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/newtons-laws-of-motion/v/newton-s-second-law-of-motion
3. Physics Classroom: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/u2l3a.cfm
4. Motion Simulation: http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/forces-and-motion-basics
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While the second law describes a single object, forces always come in equal and opposite pairs due to interaction between objects. Give examples of interaction between objects describing Newton’s third law – whenever one object exerts a force on another, an equal and opposite force is exerted by the second on the first. The third law can be written mathematically as FA→B = -F B→A. Students should explain why these forces do not “cancel each other out”.
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1. Third Law of Motion:
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/newtons-laws-of-motion/v/newton-s-third-law-of-motion
2. Third Law of Motion Test: http://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/newtons-laws-of-motion/e/newtons-third-law
3. Newton’s Laws Summary:
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/u2l3a.cfm
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Matter: Properties and Change
PSc.2.1 Understand types, properties, and structure of matter.
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Objectives
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What Learner Should Know, Understand, and Be Able to Do
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Teaching Notes and Resources
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PSc.2.1.1 Classify matter as: homogeneous or heterogeneous; pure substance or mixture; element or compound; metals, nonmetals, or metalloids; solution, colloid, or suspension.
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Classify a sample of matter as homogeneous or heterogeneous based on uniformity of the material.
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1. Homo/Hetero Exercise:
http://ebookbrowsee.net/classifying-mixtures-heterogeneous-or-homogeneous-student-ws-pdf-d298914691
2. Foundations of Chemistry: http://www.chem.memphis.edu/bridson/FundChem/T05a1100.htm
3.Slide Show for Mixtures: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_heterogeneous_and_a_homogeneous_mixture? - slide=1
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Classify a sample of matter as a pure substance or mixture based on the number of elements or compounds in the sample.
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1. Pure Substance Vs. Mixture Worksheet:
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct;=j&q;=&esrc;=s&source;=web&cd;=2&ved;=0CDEQFjAB&url;=http%3A%2F%2Fclassrooms.tacoma.k12.wa.us%2Fsami%2Fkhiggins%2Fdocuments%2Fdownload%2Fmatter_packet.pdf%3Fid=71611&ei;=yYvQUofQGMilsQSQ3oDwDw&usg;=AFQjCNHVZj9ET6v27EnOxSqEM_hUF
2. Mixtures Vs. Pure Substances Explanation:
http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-to-distinguish-pure-substances-and-mixtures.html
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Classify an element as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid based on its location on the periodic table.
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1. Metalloid Explanation:
http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/metalloids.htm
2: Metal Explanation:
http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/metals.htm
3. Nonmetal Explanation:
http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/nonmetals.htm
4. Periodic Table Explanation:
http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-periodic-table-metals-nonmetals-and-metalloids.html
5. Metals/Nonmetals/Metalloids:
http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/outreach/8thgradesol/Metals.htm
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Classify a substance as an element or compound using its chemical formula.
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1. Element Vs. Compound Explanation: http://www.diffen.com/difference/Compound_vs_Element
2. Element Vs. Compound Example:
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch2/ - element
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Classify samples and sets of matter as a solution, colloid or suspension based on the application of characteristic properties: particle size, “settling out” of one or more components, and interaction with light (Tyndall Effect).
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1. Solution, Colloid or Suspension: http://chemistry.about.com/od/lecturenotesl3/a/colloids.htm
2. Solution, Colloid or Suspension Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3HS_woWaJQ
3. Tyndall Effect Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2ULbn7Uxsk
4. Khan Academy Video:
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/states-of-matter/v/suspensions--colloids-and-solutions
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PSc.2.1.2 Explain the phases of matter and the physical changes that matter undergoes.
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Develop a conceptual cause-and-effect model for the phase change process that shows the relationship among particle attraction, particle motion, and gain or loss of heat - when a solid melts it has absorbed heat that increased the potential energy of its particles (space between particles) thus reducing the attraction between particles so that they can flow in a liquid phase. (Consider conditions of normal atmospheric pressure as well as the qualitative affects of changes in pressure involving gases.)
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1. Explanation:
http://crescentok.com/staff/jaskew/isr/chemistry/class16.htm
2. Activity:
http://www.oakland.k12.mi.us/portals/0/learning/kmtphasechanges.pdf
3. Simulation:
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/states-of-matter
4. Khan Video:
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/states-of-matter/v/states-of-matter
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The focus should be on the following phase changes: solid to liquid (melting), liquid to gas (vaporization), gas to liquid (condensation), and liquid to solid (freezing).
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1. Phase Change Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-ZWS9Wq-uc
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Compare the process of evaporation to vaporization – materials that evaporate versus those which do not; attraction between surface particles and colliding air molecules.
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1. Evap/Vap Video:
http://www.showme.com/sh/?h=xn2pJkq
2. Evap/Vap Explanation:
http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-vaporization-and-evaporation/
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Recognize that the formation of solutions is a physical change forming a homogenous mixture. (Review from middle school).
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1. Solutions Wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution
2. Solution Activity:
http://atlantis.coe.uh.edu/texasipc/units/solution/sunit.pdf
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Develop a conceptual model for the solution process with a cause and effect relationship involving forces of attraction between solute and solvent particles. A material is insoluble due to a lack of attraction between particles.
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1. Khan Video:
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/states-of-matter/v/solubility
2. Solution Explanation:
http://webs.anokaramsey.edu/pieper/Chem1020/Chapter 13.pdf
3. Solution Lab: http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/sci_edu/farber/pdf/solution.pdf
4. Solution Simulation: http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/sugar-and-salt-solutions
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Interpret solubility curves to determine the amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent (typically water) at a given temperature.
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1. Solubility Curve Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2NAw-A0V1s
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y616V7Vo2tA
2. Understanding Solubility Curves
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions/Solubilty/Types_of_Saturation
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Qualitatively explain concentration of solutions as saturated, unsaturated or supersaturated; dilute or concentrated.
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1. Solubility Video: (0 min to 2min 10sec)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2NAw-A0V1s
2. Different Saturations Presentation:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0hfd6KwZLPM
3. Dilute Vs. Concentrated Explanation (See Pages 1-2):
http://ice.chem.wisc.edu/KitComponents/Samples/CompanionSample.pdf
4. Dilute VS. Concentrated Prezi:
http://prezi.com/1gx0vjv3cxed/solubility-and-dilute-vs-concentrated-solutions/
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PSc.2.1.3 Compare physical and chemical properties of various types of matter.
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Calculate the density of different substances using the relationship. D=M/V
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1. Density Simulation: http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/density
2. Density Explanation Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDSYXmvjg6M
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Compare physical properties of a mixture that could be used to separate its components such as solubility, density, boiling point, magnetic property, etc.
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1. Physical Property: http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/104Aphysprop.html
2.Density Clarification – Physical Property:
http://everydaylife.globalpost.com/density-considered-physical-property-rather-chemical-property-matter-31179.html
3. Solubility Clarification Physical Property: http://www.slideshare.net/MMoiraWhitehouse/solubility-a-physical-property
4. Boiling Point Clarification – Physical Property:
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/104Aphysprop.html
5. Magnetic Properties – Physical Property:
http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/applychem/propertyp.html
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Compare various physical and chemical properties of metals, nonmetals and metalloids such as state of matter at a given temperature, density, melting point, boiling point, luster, conductivity, ductility, malleability, color, reactivity, etc.
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1. Physical and Chemical Properties of METALS flash cards: http://quizlet.com/14213452/chemicalphysical-properties-of-metals-flash-cards/
2.Physical and Chemical Properties of Metals/nonmetals and metalloids quiz: http://quizlet.com/2318314/properties-of-metalloids-metals-and-nonmetals-flash-cards/
3. Metalloids About Page: http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/metalloids.htm
4. Metals About Page:
http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/metals.htm
5. Nonmetals About Page:
http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/nonmetals.htm
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