CONTENTS 3
LIST OF TABLES 11
LIST OF FIGURES 13
DEDICATION 16
DECLARATION 17
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 18
ABSTRACT 21
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1Background to the Research 1
1.2Rationale of Research 6
1.3Research Questions 12
1.4Aim and Objectives 14
1.5Unit of Study 14
1.6Scope and Limitation 15
1.7Research Methodology 16
1.8Contribution to Knowledge 18
1.9Thesis Layout 19
CHAPTER 2 EVOLUTION AND FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP) 22
2.1Introduction 22
2.2PublicPrivatePartnership (PPP) Scheme/Private Finance Initiatives (PFI) 22
2.2.1PFI/PPP as an Alternative Public Procurement Route 25
2.2.2Structures and Models in PFI/PPP Procurement 28
2.2.3Other Existing Procurement Routes 29
2.2.3.1 Concessions 30
2.2.3.2 Affermage/Lease 31
2.3Development of Public Private Partnership in Nigeria 33
2.3.1The Economy and Politics of Nigeria 43
2.4PPP Projects Delivered in Nigeria 44
2.4.1Concession of Muritala Muhammed Airport Terminal 2 50
2.4.2Lekki Toll Road Project 52
2.4.3Apakun-Muritala Muhammed Airport Toll Road: 55
2.4.4Lagos-Ibadan Expressway 58
2.5CHALLENGES FACING THE DEVELOPMENT OF PPP IN NIGERIA 60
2.5.1Transparency and Competitive Procurement Process 60
2.5.2Lengthy Procurement Timelines 61
2.5.3Political instability and rancour 62
2.5.4Corruption 63
2.5.5Poor Management of Project Stakeholders 64
2.6Chapter Summary 65
CHAPTER 3 END-USER STAKEHOLDERS AND PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP) ROAD PROJECT 68
3.1Introduction 68
3.2End Users in PPP Road Projects 68
3.2.1Theoretical underpinning of end users’ involvement in PFI/PPP projects 70
3.2.1.1Agency Theory 70
3.2.1.2Organisational Theory 72
3.2.1.3System Theory 74
3.2.1.4The roles and insights from the end user related theories in this study 75
3.3End-Users Satisfaction in PPP Road Project 78
3.4Benefits Realization of End-User in PPP Road Project in Nigeria 80
3.4.1Safety Benefits 83
3.4.2Travel Time Benefits 84
3.4.3Vehicle Operating Benefits 85
3.4.4Community Impact Benefits 85
3.4.5Economic Benefits 86
3.4.6Infrastructural Benefits (drainage) 87
3.5Stakeholders Management (SM) 88
3.6Stakeholder Analysis (SA) 90
3.6.1Benefits of Using Stakeholders Analysis 91
3.6.2Implementation of Stakeholders Analysis 91
3.6.3Prioritization in Stakeholders Analysis 93
3.7Stakeholder Theory 95
3.7.1Types of Stakeholder Theory 99
3.7.1.1Descriptive Stakeholder Theory 99
3.7.1.2Instrumental Stakeholder Theory 100
3.7.1.3Normative Stakeholder Theory 101
3.8Challenges Facing End Users Stakeholders in PPP 104
3.8.1Impact of changes in vehicle rules and regulations 104
3.8.2Interchange 105
3.8.3Barrier Effect 105
3.8.4Toll Charges 106
3.9Evaluating the end-user stakeholders needs along the project route 106
3.10Conceptual Framework 110
3.11Chapter Summary 112
CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 116
4.1Introduction 116
4.2Research design 116
4.3Research Philosophy/Paradigm 117
4.3.1Ontology 119
4.3.2Epistemology 120
4.3.3Axiology 121
4.3.4Ontology, Epistemology and Axiology 121
4.3.5Positivism 122
4.3.6Interpretivism 123
4.3.3 Critical realism 123
4.3.7Pragmatism 126
4.4Research Approach 127
4.5Research Strategies 129
4.5.1Grounded theory 129
4.5.2Ethnography 130
4.5.3Phenomenology 130
4.5.4Action research 131
4.5.5Direct Observation 131
4.5.6Experimental research 132
4.5.7Survey Research 132
4.5.8Case Studies 133
4.6Research Choices 136
4.6.1Sequential explanatory mixed methods 137
4.6.2Concurrent mixed methods 137
4.6.3Transformative mixed methods 137
4.6.4Sequential exploratory mixed methods (Chosen) 138
4.7The Cases 139
4.7.1Case one: Lekki Epe Express Way 139
4.7.2Case Two: Apakun-Muritala Muhammed Airport Road 140
4.8Unit of Analysis 141
4.9Qualitative Research Methodology 143
4.9.1The Data Collection Techniques 144
4.9.2Sampling and Selection of interview participants/ respondents 146
4.9.3Unstructured Interview 148
4.9.4Coding System and grouping 149
4.10 Quantitative Research Methodology 150
4.10.1 Pilot study for questionnaire 151
4.10.2 Sampling and Selection of participants/respondents 152
4.10.3 Facilitation 153
4.10.4 Data Analysis Tools 154
4.10.5 Evaluation of the Data for Validation of the Framework 154
4.11Validity and Reliability 154
4.11.1 Qualitative 154
4.11.2 Quantitative 156
4.12 Ethical Consideration 157
4.13 Chapter Summary 157
CHAPTER 5 DATA ANALYSIS 160
5.1Introduction 160
5.2Qualitative Data Analyses 160
5.3Outcomes from Nvivo Analysis of the Interview 177
5.4Quantitative Data Analyses 178
5.5Data Analysis and Presentations of Results For End Users Stakeholders Management Framework For PPP Road Projects 178
5.6Statistical Analysis for Evaluating the End-User Stakeholders Needs along the Project Route 185
5.7Factor Analysis for End-Users Stakeholders Needs Along Project Route 187
5.8Framework for Managing End-Users Stakeholders Participation in PPP arrangement Program 194
5.8 Chapter Summary 196
CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 199
6.1Introduction 199
6.2Examining the evolution of PPP arrangement and identifying various end-user stakeholders’ perspectives. 202
6.3Challenges facing the development of PPP in Nigeria 203
6.3.1 Poor Management of Project Stakeholders 204
6.3.2Political instability and rancour 205
6.3.3Lengthy Procurement Timelines 205
6.3.4Corruption 206
6.3.5Transparency and Competitive Procurement Process 207
6.4Investigating and identifying the challenges facing end-user stakeholders of PPP road project in Nigeria 208
6.4.1Safety Efforts by The Contractor 208
6.4.1.1Putting proper road work signage in place to increase safety: 208
6.4.1.2Installation of speed limiting devices on alternative routes during construction: 209
6.4.1.3Making provisions for crossing structures (Pedestrian Bridges) 210
6.4.1.4Create special crossings for school children: 211
6.4.1.5Effort to reduce cement and other types of dust: 212
6.4.1.6Increase restriction efforts to construction site so as to increase safety: 214
6.4.2Socio-Economic Impact 215
6.4.2.1Choice of route for physical effect (demolition of buildings) 215
6.4.2.2Provision of alternative route during construction to ease traffic: 216
6.4.2.3Reduction of disruption of community access: 218
6.4.2.4Make efforts to stop increase in cost of living and provide basic infrastructure: 219
6.4.2.5Consideration of the community on road blocks timings: 220
6.4.2.6Compensations to affected building and adjacent areas: 221
6.4.2.7Travel time during construction: 223
6.4.3Benefit Realisation and Community Participation 224
6.4.3.1Creating jobs for residents: 224
6.4.3.2Improving local flooding and drainage works: 226
6.4.3.3Repair of minor local roads: 228
6.4.3.4Giving incentives to local residents during road work: 229
6.4.4Environmental Impact 231
6.4.4.1Avoid damaging of (or replacing damaged) natural habitats: 231
6.4.4.2Avoiding local water pollution: 232
6.4.4.3Noise level and air pollution: 234
6.4.5Public Utilities Compensation 235
6.4.5.1Providing water wells for affected communities: 235
6.4.6Integration with the Host Community 236
6.4.6.1Involvement of community leaders in key decisions: 236
6.4.6.2Involvement of Residents in key decisions: 238
6.4.6.3Involvement of private firms within the community in key decisions: 239
6.4.7Integration with Political Groups 240
6.4.7.1Involvement of royal fathers in key decisions: 240
6.4.7.2Involvement of Women leaders in key decisions: 241
6.4.7.3Involvement of Religious leaders in key decisions: 242
6.5Evaluating the end-user stakeholders needs along the project route 243
6.6Framework for Managing End-Users Stakeholders Participation in PPP arrangement Program 246
6.7Validation of the Framework for End User Stakeholder Engagement in PPP Projects in Nigeria 253
6.8Chapter Summary 257
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 259
7.1Overview of the study 259
7.2Introduction 261
7.2.1Review of research objectives 262
7.3KEY FINDINGS FROM THE STUDY 263
7.3.1Research findings evolving from existing literature review 263
7.3.2Exploring the Potential Benefits and Challenges facing PPP arrangement inLekki-Epe toll road Project in Nigeria 265
7.3.3Positve and Negative effect of End-Users Stakeholders in Lekki-Epe toll road Project in Nigeria 266
7.3.4Environmental and Social conditions of End-Users Stakeholders along the Project Route 269
7.3.5Framework for Managing End-Users Stakeholders Participation in PPP arrangement Program 270
7.4Implications of the study 273
7.4.1Practical Implication to study 273
7.4.2Theoretical Implication to study 274
7.5Limitations of the study 275
7.6Future research 276
7.7Final Note 277
REFERENCES 278
APPENDIX A: INFORMATION TO PARTICIPANTS 342
END-USER STAKEHOLDERS MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR PPP ROAD PROJECT IN NIGERIA 342
APPENDIX B: PARTICIPANT CONSENT FORM 344
APPENDIX C: QUESTIONNAIRE 345
APPENDIX D: Questionnaire for Evaluating PPP Road Projects – Validation. 349
APPENDIX E: LEKKI-EPE TOLL PLAZA PHOTO 351
APPENDIX F: APAKUN MURITALA MUHAMMED TOLL PLAZA PHOTO 352